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Festivals of India: Shree Kolayat Fair

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The Shree Kolayat Fair, also known as the Kapil Muni Fair, is one of Rajasthan’s most vibrant and culturally rich festivals. Held annually in the town of Kolayat, near Bikaner, this fair is a significant religious and social event that attracts thousands of devotees and tourists. The fair is dedicated to Kapil Muni, a revered sage in Hindu mythology, and is marked by a series of rituals, cultural performances, and communal activities. 

The origins of the Shree Kolayat Fair are deeply rooted in Hindu mythology and the ancient history of Rajasthan. The town of Kolayat is believed to be where Kapil Muni, an incarnation of Lord Vishnu, meditated and attained enlightenment. According to legend, Kapil Muni was a great sage and philosopher who composed the “Sankhya Darshan,” one of the six classical systems of Indian philosophy.

Kolayat is home to the Kapil Muni Temple, which stands by the side of a large lake known as Kolayat Lake. The lake is considered sacred, and its waters are believed to have purifying properties. The Shree Kolayat Fair is held in honour of Kapil Muni and is a time for devotees to pay homage to the sage, seek blessings, and take part in various religious and cultural activities.

The Shree Kolayat Fair is steeped in mythology and legends that add to its spiritual significance. One of the central myths associated with the fair revolves around Kapil Muni’s penance and the sanctity of Kolayat Lake. Kapil Muni is regarded as an incarnation of Lord Vishnu and is credited with the authorship of the Sankhya philosophy, which emphasises the dualism of matter and spirit. According to legend, Kapil Muni chose Kolayat as his place of meditation due to its serene and tranquil environment. It is said that his intense penance and meditation at Kolayat Lake sanctified the waters, making them capable of absolving sins and granting spiritual purification. Another legend tells of a time when the sage’s meditation was disturbed by a group of celestial beings. In his anger, Kapil Muni cursed them, but later, out of compassion, he granted them the boon that anyone who bathed in the lake during the fair would be absolved of their sins. This belief continues to draw thousands of devotees to Kolayat Lake each year.

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Another significant myth associated with Kapil Muni and Kolayat Lake involves King Sagara and his sons. According to the legend, King Sagara performed the Ashwamedha Yagna (a horse sacrifice ritual) to assert his supremacy. Indra, the king of gods, became jealous and stole the sacrificial horse, hiding it in the hermitage of Kapil Muni. King Sagara’s 60,000 sons searched for the horse and eventually found it at Kapil Muni’s hermitage. Mistaking the sage for the thief, they disturbed his meditation. In his anger, Kapil Muni reduced them to ashes with his fiery gaze. The king’s descendants later performed penance to appease the sage and were instructed to bathe in Kolayat Lake to purify their souls and attain salvation.

The Shree Kolayat Fair blends religious rituals, cultural performances, and communal activities. The fair typically takes place in the month of Kartik, around October-November according to the Gregorian calendar and culminates on Kartik Purnima, the full moon day of Kartik. 

One of the most important rituals of the Shree Kolayat Fair is the holy dip in Kolayat Lake. Devotees believe that bathing in the lake during the fair absolves them of their sins and grants spiritual purification. The lake is surrounded by 52 ghats or bathing steps, and each ghat has its significance. On Kartik Purnima, one sees the highest number of devotees taking the holy dip, creating a vibrant and bustling atmosphere.

Another significant ritual is the offering of diyas or earthen lamps to the lake. Devotees light diyas and set them afloat on the waters of Kolayat Lake as an offering to Kapil Muni. The sight of thousands of diyas floating on the lake creates a mesmerising and serene ambiance, symbolising the triumph of light over darkness and good over evil.

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The Kapil Muni Temple, located on the banks of Kolayat Lake, is the focal point of the fair. Devotees visit the temple to offer prayers, seek blessings, and perform rituals to honour Kapil Muni. The temple is beautifully decorated during the fair, and special pujas or worship ceremonies are conducted by the priests.

The Shree Kolayat Fair is also known for its cattle trading activities. Farmers and traders from various parts of Rajasthan and neighbouring states bring their livestock to the fair for trading. The cattle market is a bustling hub of activity, with a wide variety of livestock, including cows, camels, goats, and horses, being bought and sold. The trading of livestock is an essential aspect of the fair, reflecting the agrarian lifestyle of the region.

The fair is a celebration of Rajasthani culture and heritage, with a variety of cultural performances taking place throughout the event. Folk music and dance performances, puppet shows, and traditional Rajasthani plays are some of the highlights. These performances provide entertainment for the visitors and offer a glimpse into the rich cultural traditions of Rajasthan.

Community feasts are an integral part of the Shree Kolayat Fair. Devotees and visitors come together to share meals, fostering a sense of community and camaraderie. The feasts typically include traditional Rajasthani dishes, and the food is often prepared and served by volunteers.

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The fair attracts pilgrims from various parts of India, and many of them undertake long journeys to reach Kolayat. Pilgrims often travel in groups, singing devotional songs and carrying flags and banners. Processions are a common sight during the fair, with devotees carrying idols of Kapil Muni and other deities through the streets.

Kartik Purnima, the full moon day of the Hindu month of Kartik, holds special significance in Hinduism and is considered an auspicious day for various religious activities. The Shree Kolayat Fair culminates on this day, and it is believed that the spiritual benefits of participating in the fair are magnified on Kartik Purnima.

Kartik Purnima is associated with several important Hindu deities and events. It is believed to be the day when Lord Vishnu incarnated as Matsya, his fish avatar to save the Vedas from the demon Hayagriva. It is also considered the day when Lord Shiva defeated the demon Tripurasura, leading to the celebration of Tripuri Purnima.

In the context of the Shree Kolayat Fair, Kartik Purnima is the day when the blessings of Kapil Muni are most potent. Devotees believe that performing rituals and taking a holy dip in Kolayat Lake on this day can lead to the absolution of sins and the attainment of spiritual merit.

The rituals on Kartik Purnima at the Shree Kolayat Fair are elaborate and deeply symbolic. Devotees wake up early in the morning and take a holy dip in the lake at sunrise. They then visit the Kapil Muni Temple to offer prayers and seek blessings. Special pujas and havans or rituals with the holy fire are conducted by the priests, and devotees participate in these ceremonies with great devotion. In the evening, the lake is illuminated with thousands of diyas, creating a breathtaking spectacle. Devotees offer the diyas to the lake, and the sight of the floating lamps is a symbol of hope, faith, and spiritual enlightenment.

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The Shree Kolayat Fair is not just a religious event; it is a significant cultural and social gathering that has a profound impact on the local community and the region as a whole. The fair provides a substantial economic boost to the town of Kolayat and the surrounding areas. The influx of pilgrims and tourists leads to increased business for local vendors, artisans, and traders. The cattle market, in particular, is a major economic activity, with significant transactions taking place during the fair. The cultural performances and activities at the fair play a crucial role in promoting and preserving Rajasthani culture. Folk music, dance, and traditional arts are showcased, providing a platform for local artists and performers. The fair also attracts cultural enthusiasts and researchers who are interested in studying and documenting the rich heritage of Rajasthan.

The Shree Kolayat Fair fosters social cohesion and community spirit. It brings together people from different backgrounds and regions, creating an environment of unity and harmony. The communal activities, such as feasts and processions, encourage social interaction and strengthen bonds within the community. While the Shree Kolayat Fair continues to be a vibrant and significant event, it faces several challenges in the modern era. Efforts are being made to address these challenges and ensure the preservation of the fair’s cultural and religious significance. The large number of visitors to the fair can lead to environmental issues, such as pollution and waste management challenges. Efforts are being made to promote eco-friendly practices, such as the use of biodegradable materials and proper waste disposal systems. 

Awareness campaigns are also conducted to educate visitors about the importance of preserving the natural environment of Kolayat Lake. With the influence of modernisation and changing lifestyles, there is a risk of losing traditional practices and rituals associated with the fair. Cultural preservation initiatives, such as documentation and promotion of traditional arts, are being undertaken to ensure that the heritage of the Shree Kolayat Fair is passed down to future generations. To accommodate the growing number of visitors, there is a need for improved infrastructure and facilities. This includes better transportation, accommodation, sanitation, and medical services. The local government and community organisations are working together to enhance the infrastructure while maintaining the cultural integrity of the fair.

The Shree Kolayat Fair is a celebration of faith, culture, and community that holds a special place in the hearts of the people of Rajasthan. It is a time when devotees come together to honor Kapil Muni, seek spiritual purification, and celebrate the rich cultural heritage of the region. The fair’s vibrant rituals, cultural performances, and communal activities create an atmosphere of joy and devotion, making it a unique and memorable experience for all who attend. As the fair continues to evolve and adapt to modern challenges, it remains a testament to the enduring traditions and values of the Garo people. The Shree Kolayat Fair is not just a festival; it is a living tradition that connects the past with the present and offers a glimpse into the spiritual and cultural richness of Rajasthan.

World Diabetes Day

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World Diabetes Day is an annual global health awareness campaign observed on November 14th. The day was established in 1991 by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and the World Health Organization (WHO) in response to the rapidly increasing prevalence of diabetes worldwide. The date, November 14th, was chosen to honour the birthday of Sir Frederick Banting, who, along with Charles Best, first conceived the idea that led to the discovery of insulin in 1922.

The day gained official recognition as a United Nations Day in 2006 with a resolution that acknowledged diabetes as a chronic, debilitating, and costly disease associated with severe complications that pose a significant threat to families, countries, and the entire world. Since its inception, World Diabetes Day has grown into a global campaign reaching millions of people in over 160 countries. It serves as a platform for diabetes awareness and advocacy, uniting the global diabetes community in a collective effort to address the growing diabetes epidemic.

World Diabetes Day plays a crucial role in raising awareness by helping educate the public about diabetes, its risk factors, symptoms, and complications; by encouraging people to get tested, it supports early detection and intervention; the day advocates for better care and pushes for improved access to quality diabetes care and treatment options; it highlights the importance of ongoing research in diabetes prevention and management; and fosters community support by bringing together individuals, healthcare professionals, and organisations to support those affected by diabetes.

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The theme for World Diabetes Day from 2024 to 2026 will be ‘Diabetes and Well-being’. This theme will focus on three key aspects between 2024 and 2026 – physical well-being, societal well-being, and mental well-being. The choice of this theme reflects a holistic approach to diabetes management, recognising that diabetes affects not only physical health but also mental and social well-being. By addressing these interconnected aspects, the campaign aims to improve the overall quality of life for people living with diabetes.

To fully appreciate the importance of World Diabetes Day, it’s crucial to understand the nature of diabetes and its impact on global health. There are two main types of diabetes: Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition where the body doesn’t produce insulin. It’s not preventable and requires daily insulin administration. Type 2 diabetes results from the body’s ineffective use of insulin. It’s often associated with physical inactivity and excess body weight, and in many cases, it’s preventable.

Common symptoms of diabetes include frequent urination, excessive thirst, unexplained weight loss, slow-healing wounds, recurring skin infections, and numbness or tingling in hands and feet. It’s important to note that symptoms can be less pronounced in Type 2 diabetes, and diagnosis may occur years after onset.

The IDF Diabetes Atlas provides alarming statistics on the global diabetes scenario. In 2021, 537 million adults or 1 in 10 were living with diabetes. This number is expected to rise to 643 million by 2030 and 783 million by 2045. Almost half of adults with diabetes or 44% remain undiagnosed, primarily with type 2 diabetes. Over three-quarters of people with diabetes live in low and middle-income countries. 541 million adults are at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Over 1.2 million children and adolescents between the ages of 0 and 19 years live with type 1 diabetes.

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Diabetes imposes a substantial economic burden globally. In 2021, diabetes accounted for at least $966 billion in health expenditure, constituting 9% of the global total spent on healthcare. High blood glucose or hyperglycemia during pregnancy affects one in six live births or about 21 million.

World Diabetes Day serves as a catalyst for various activities and initiatives aimed at raising awareness and promoting better diabetes care. The official colour of diabetes awareness is blue. Wearing blue clothing or accessories on November 14th shows support for the cause. One can use social media and other platforms to educate others about diabetes, its risk factors, and the importance of a healthy lifestyle. Another way is to encourage those at risk to get tested for diabetes, supporting early detection and intervention. One can host or participate in events, workshops, or seminars that raise awareness about diabetes in local communities. The IDF provides an interactive tool for individuals to assess their risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

Healthcare professionals play a crucial role in diabetes management and prevention. World Diabetes Day highlights their importance and provides resources to support their work. The day often features educational sessions for healthcare providers to stay updated on the latest diabetes care practices. It encourages healthcare professionals to engage more effectively with patients, promoting better diabetes management. Healthcare professionals are encouraged to advocate for better diabetes care policies and resources. The day highlights opportunities for healthcare professionals to participate in diabetes research.

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World Diabetes Day emphasises the importance of diabetes prevention and effective management. Key strategies include promoting balanced diets, regular physical activity, and maintaining a healthy weight; encouraging regular check-ups and diabetes screenings, especially for those at higher risk; stressing the importance of following prescribed treatment plans for those diagnosed with diabetes; providing resources and support for people with diabetes to effectively manage their condition; and highlighting new technologies and treatments that can improve diabetes management.

World Diabetes Day fosters global collaboration in the fight against diabetes. This includes international partnerships which encourage cooperation between countries and organisations to address diabetes on a global scale; knowledge sharing and the facilitating the exchange of best practices and research findings across borders; advocating for equitable distribution of diabetes care resources, especially in low and middle-income countries; and promoting consistent policies and guidelines for diabetes prevention and management worldwide.

While World Diabetes Day has made significant strides in raising awareness and improving diabetes care, several challenges remain. These include ensuring equitable access to quality diabetes care, especially in resource-limited settings; combating social stigma associated with diabetes and promoting inclusivity; addressing the gap in access to diabetes management technologies between high and low-income countries; managing the increasing prevalence of diabetes alongside other chronic conditions; and developing strategies to engage younger generations in diabetes prevention and awareness.

World Diabetes Day stands as a beacon of hope and action in the global fight against diabetes. Today, the focus is shifting towards a more holistic approach to diabetes care, encompassing physical, societal, and mental well-being. The day serves not only as a reminder of the challenges posed by diabetes but also as a celebration of the progress made in diabetes care and management. It unites millions of people worldwide in a common cause, fostering a sense of community and shared purpose.

World Diabetes Day remains a crucial platform for raising awareness, promoting prevention, and advocating for better care. It reminds us that while diabetes is a serious condition, it is manageable with the right knowledge, support, and resources.

Short Story: The Homecoming

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A young Brahmin named Narayan lived in the small town of Narmadapuram, nestled along the banks of the sacred Narmada River. Born into a family of priests, Narayan was raised in a household steeped in tradition and discipline. His father, Pandit Raghav, was a strict and learned man who upheld the values of their lineage with unwavering resolve. Narayan often felt the weight of his father’s expectations pressing down on him.

At 18, Narayan had just completed his class 12 exams. The day was bright and filled with promise, and his friends had convinced him to celebrate their newfound freedom. They planned a day of fun, laughter, and indulgence. Little did Narayan know that this day would change his life.

“Come on, Narayan! Let’s have some fun!” his friend Vikram urged, a mischievous grin on his face. “We’ve earned it!” 

With a mix of excitement and apprehension, Narayan agreed. They ventured into the heart of the town, where the air was filled with the aroma of street food and the sounds of celebration. As the sun dipped lower in the sky, they found themselves at a local eatery, where the boys ordered meat dishes and drinks.

Just as they were enjoying their meal, Narayan’s father appeared at the entrance, his face a mask of fury. “Narayan!” he bellowed, his voice echoing through the crowded eatery. “What have you done?”

Narayan’s heart sank. He had never seen his father so angry. “Baba, I—”

“Silence!” Pandit Raghav interrupted, his voice cold and unforgiving. “You have disgraced our family. You’re a Brahmin, and you should know better than to indulge in such vices.”

Without waiting for an explanation, Raghav turned and stormed out, leaving Narayan, humiliated and bewildered. The laughter of his friends faded into the background as he realised the gravity of his father’s words.

“Get out of my house!” Raghav had shouted when they returned home. “You’re no son of mine.”

His wife and other children’s words had no impact on Raghav and with a finality, he shut the door in Narayan’s face. With that, Narayan was cast out, forced to leave the only home he had ever known. He wandered the streets of Narmadapuram, lost and alone, the weight of his father’s rejection heavy on his heart.

For the next 14 years, Narayan roamed the vast landscapes of India. He travelled from the bustling streets of Mumbai to the serene hills of Rishikesh, seeking solace in the beauty of the world around him. He took on various jobs, from working as a waiter to assisting in temples, trying to find a sense of belonging.

Despite the freedom he experienced, Narayan felt a void in his heart. He missed his family, especially his younger sister, Radha, and his brother, Lakshman. Memories of their childhood together haunted him, but pride and fear kept him from returning home.

As the years passed, Narayan grew into a man of resilience and wisdom. He learned to appreciate the diversity of life and the lessons it offered. Yet the longing for his family never faded. Over the years Narayan had worked his way up in the hospitality industry and now owned a small, but thriving cafe in Pune’s Fergusson College Road, which was a big hit with students and office goers for the eclectic cuisine it offered.

Narayan was also married by now to Sayali, and had a two-year-old son, whom he had named Ram, in honour of his father. He seemed to have a happy life, but the ache in his heart would not go away. Sayali would often find introspective and sad, but knew enough of his life to not probe further. 

One fateful day, at the cafe, Narayan encountered an old neighbour from Narmadapuram. The man whom he knew as Abhay bhaiya was about a decade older than him. Abhay was with a woman and a teenager who looked just like him. As Abhay was eating, he kept staring at Narayan and while paying the cost of their meal, approached him with a warm smile.

“Is that you, Narayan? My, how you’ve changed!” Abhay exclaimed. Narayan felt a mix of emotions. “Yes, it’s me, Abhay bhaiya,” he replied cautiously. Abhay introduced him to his wife and son, who was now enrolled in Fergusson College. Narayan wanted to ask about his family but hesitated. Seeing this, Abhay decided to broach the topic. 

“Your family is fine, though your mother has never stopped pining for you. And your father is distraught that, in anger, he threw you out of the house. He repented the next day and looked all over for you, but could never find you,” Abhay continued, his expression turning sombre. “Lakshman in his final year of college and studies engineering in Indore while Radha is getting married soon, just after Diwali.”

The news struck Narayan like a lightning bolt. His heart raced as he processed the information. Radha was getting married? He had missed so much of their lives, and now he was about to miss the most significant moment for his sister.

That night, Sayali knew something was bothering Narayan, but waited for him to open his heart to her. Finally after a while, Narayan heaved a huge sigh and turned to his wife. “We are going home for Diwali”, he proclaimed. Sayali was stunned and just looked at her husband as she processed his proclamation. Sayali knew in her heart this was what was needed for Narayan to heal and she turned to her husband with a huge smile. “Yes, let’s go home for Diwali, it is time Siddarth knows this part of his family”. 

With a newfound determination, Narayan set out for Narmadapuram. The journey was filled with memories of his childhood, his parents, and his siblings, but also tainted by the pain of his departure. A few days later, Narayan finally arrived at the familiar streets of his hometown. The sights and sounds flooded back, and he felt a mix of nostalgia and anxiety. Would his family accept him after all these years?

The streets of Narmadapuram were adorned with lights and decorations to welcome the festival of lights. The air was filled with the scent of sweets and the sounds of laughter. Narayan stood outside his childhood home, his heart pounding in his chest. Taking a deep breath, he stepped forward and knocked on the door. Moments later, it swung open to reveal his mother, her eyes widening in shock.

“Narayan?” She gasped, tears welling up in her eyes. “Maa,” he replied, his voice trembling. “I’m home.”

His mother rushed forward, enveloping him in a warm embrace. “Oh, my son! We thought we had lost you forever!”

As they embraced, Narayan felt the weight of the years lift from his shoulders. He stepped inside, where his father stood, his expression a mix of surprise and disbelief.

“Baba,” Narayan began, but Raghav held up a hand. “Let’s talk later,” he said, his voice softening. “I need time to process this.” Narayan nodded, understanding the complexity of emotions swirling within his father. He turned to see Radha and Lakshman watching from the side, their faces filled with joy and surprise.

“Bhaiya!” Radha exclaimed, rushing forward to hug him. “I can’t believe you’re here!” “Radha, I’ve missed you so much,” Narayan replied, his heart swelling with love for his sister.

“This is Sayali and Siddharth, your daughter-in-law and grandson,” Narayan introduced his family to his family. His mother stopped her daughter-in-law from entering the house, rushing to the kitchen to bring the aarti thali or the veneration tray, to welcome her grandson and daughter-in-law into their family.

“This Diwali is the best gift I have received,” Narayan’s mother exclaimed when she sat down after a hectic day surrounded by her family. “Not only is my daughter going to her home, but to fill this void, I have now gotten another daughter and a grandson.” 

As the days passed, Narayan settled back into the rhythm of family life. The wedding preparations for Radha were in full swing, and the house was filled with laughter and excitement. Narayan, Sayali and Siddharth helped wherever they could, feeling a sense of belonging that had always been missing in their lives. 

On the day of the wedding, the atmosphere was electric. The house was adorned with flowers, and the sounds of traditional music filled the air. Narayan watched as Radha, radiant in her bridal attire, prepared to embark on this new chapter of her life. As the ceremony unfolded, Narayan felt a profound sense of gratitude. He had returned just in time to witness his sister’s happiness, and he knew he was exactly where he was meant to be.

Later that evening, as the celebrations continued, Narayan found a quiet moment outside the house. The sky was painted with stars, and the air was filled with the sweet scent of marigolds. He took a deep breath, reflecting on how far he had come. Just then, he heard footsteps behind him. It was Sayali, her face glowing with contentment. “Narayan, I am so glad you decided to come back. Meeting Ma and Baba has been so fulfilling for both me and Siddharth.” 

“Yes, this is truly the homecoming I wondered if I ever would have.” They heard footsteps behind them and soon were surrounded by Raghav, who was carrying Siddharth as if afraid to let him go, as well as his wife and Lakshman. “Narayan, I am sorry; I should not have thrown you out of the house all these years ago. Thank you for coming back and forgiving  me.” With folded hands, Raghav stood before his son, who pulled his father into a hug that erased all those years of loneliness. Father and son stood like that for a while as the years melted away and all the rancour was erased. 

Narayan and his family spent a few weeks with each other before they returned back to Pune. When his parents started growing older and less mobile, Narayan brought them back to Pune to spend their golden years with him and Sayali. Lakshman also found a job in Pune after his course and the family spent many years together.

Festivals of India: Wangala

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Also known as the Hundred Drums Festival, the Wangala festival is one of the most significant and colourful celebrations of the Garo tribe in Meghalaya. This post-harvest festival marks the end of the agricultural year. It is a thanksgiving ceremony for Misi Saljong, also known as Pattigipa Ra’rongipa or the Great Giver, the sun god of fertility. The Wangala festival is a vibrant display of Garo culture, traditions, and their deep connection to nature and agriculture.

The Wangala festival has its roots in the ancient agricultural practices and beliefs of the Garo people. The Garos, one of the major tribes of Meghalaya, are known for their matrilineal society and strong connection to the land. Agriculture has been the primary occupation of the Garos for centuries, and their festivals and rituals are closely tied to the agricultural cycle.

The exact origin of the Wangala festival is lost in the mists of time, but it is believed to have been celebrated for many generations. The festival’s name, “Wangala,” is derived from the Garo word “wanna,” which means celebration. It is a time when the community comes together to express gratitude for a bountiful harvest and to seek blessings for the coming year.

Historically, the Wangala festival was celebrated independently in every Garo village. Each village would have its dates and duration for the festival, which could last anywhere from a few days to a week. However, in recent times, efforts have been made to organise a centralised Wangala celebration to showcase Garo culture to a wider audience and preserve their traditions.

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The Wangala festival is deeply rooted in Garo mythology and their traditional belief system. At the festival’s heart is the worship of Misi Saljong, the sun god, believed to be the provider of good harvests and prosperity. According to Garo mythology, Misi Saljong taught the Garo people the art of agriculture. He showed them how to clear the land, sow seeds, and harvest crops. The Garos believe that it is through Misi Saljong’s blessings that they receive abundant harvests. The Wangala festival is their way to express gratitude to this benevolent deity and to seek his continued favour. Another important mythological figure in the Wangala festival is Goera, the goddess of agriculture. Goera is believed to be the protector of crops and is often invoked alongside Misi Saljong during the festival rituals.

The Garos also believe in various nature spirits that inhabit the forests, rivers, and mountains. These spirits are thought to play a role in the success of their agricultural endeavors. During the Wangala festival, offerings are made to these spirits to appease them and ensure their cooperation in the coming agricultural year.

One of the myths associated with the Wangala festival tells of a time when the Garo people faced a severe drought. The crops were failing, and the community was on the brink of starvation. The village elders gathered to perform rituals and prayers to Misi Saljong. According to the legend, Misi Saljong appeared to them in a dream and instructed them to perform a dance with drums and to make offerings of rice beer. When the villagers followed these instructions, rain began to fall, and their crops were saved. This myth is said to be the origin of the drum dance that is now central to the Wangala celebrations.

The preparations for the Wangala festival begin well in advance of the actual celebration. As the harvest season nears its end, the village elders come together to decide on the dates for the festival. Traditionally, the festival is held in November, but the exact dates can vary depending on the completion of the harvest and other local factors. Once the dates are set, the entire community gets involved in the preparations. 

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One of the most important preparations is the brewing of rice beer, known as “chu” in the Garo language. Rice beer plays a significant role in Garo rituals and celebrations. The brewing process begins several weeks before the festival to ensure that the beer is properly fermented by the time of the celebration. The Garos take great pride in their traditional clothing, and the Wangala festival is an occasion to showcase their finest attire. Women prepare colourful wraparound skirts called dakmanda and blouses kutchi. Men ready their traditional dhotis and vests. Special attention is given to the headdresses, often adorned with feathers and hornbill beaks.

The festival’s alternative name, “Hundred Drums Festival,” highlights the importance of drums in the celebration. Skilled craftsmen in the village work on repairing old drums and making new ones. The primary drum used in the Wangala festival is the “dama,” a long, cylindrical drum made from hollowed-out tree trunks and animal hide. The entire village undergoes a thorough cleaning in preparation for the festival. Houses are repaired and whitewashed. The central area where the main celebrations will take place is cleared and decorated with bamboo structures, flowers, and leaves.

A significant amount of time is spent preparing food for the festival. Large quantities of rice, meat, and vegetables are readied for the communal feasts that will take place during the celebration. In the weeks leading up to the festival, the community, especially the youth, practice the traditional dances and songs that will be performed during the Wangala. 

The Wangala festival typically lasts two to three days, although in some villages, it can extend up to a week. The celebration is a mix of solemn rituals and joyous festivities. The first day of the festival is known as Salgittal or Salgittoa, which means “thanksgiving.” This day is marked by several important rituals. The festival begins with the village priest, the “Kamal,” performing an invocation ceremony. The Kamal offers prayers to Misi Saljong and other nature spirits, seeking their blessings for the community. The first fruits of the harvest are offered to Misi Saljong. This typically includes newly harvested rice, vegetables, and fruits. The offering is made on a special altar set up for the occasion. In some villages, a ceremonial sacrifice of a rooster or a goat may be performed. This is done to appease the spirits and ensure their continued favour. The Nokma or village chief and other important members of the community are anointed with rice powder mixed with water. This symbolises purification and preparation for the festivities to come. A sacred fire is lit, which will be kept burning throughout the festival. This fire symbolises the presence of Misi Saljong among the people.

The second day, known as Kakkat or Kakket, is the main day of celebration. This is when the most iconic events of the Wangala festival take place. The day begins with the Rugala ceremony, where Nokma and his wife lead a procession to the central festival ground. They carry a basket of rice, which symbolises the community’s harvest. The highlight of the festival is the Wangala dance. Dancers, dressed in colourful traditional attire, form lines with men and women alternating. They dance to the rhythmic beat of drums, bamboo clappers, and gongs. The dance movements mimic various agricultural activities such as sowing, weeding, and harvesting. This is where the festival gets its alternative name. A hundred or more drums are played simultaneously, creating a thunderous and mesmerising rhythm. The sound of the drums is believed to reach Misi Saljong, carrying the community’s prayers and gratitude. A grand feast is held where the community comes together to share food and rice beer. This feast symbolises the abundance of the harvest and the spirit of community sharing. Various traditional games and sports are organised, including wrestling, tug-of-war, and archery competitions. 

The final day of the festival is typically reserved for concluding rituals. The Kamal leads the community in offering final thanksgiving prayers to Misi Saljong and other deities. The sacred fire lit on the first day is ceremonially extinguished, marking the end of the festival. The community elders bless the younger generation, wishing them prosperity and good fortune for the coming year. In some villages, there are rituals to bid farewell to the spirits and deities, thanking them for their presence during the festival.

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Music and dance are integral to the Wangala festival. The most important musical instruments used during the celebration include the Dama, a long, cylindrical drum that gives the festival its “Hundred Drums” moniker; the Nagra, a smaller drum used to provide counterpoint rhythms; the Gong which is used to provide additional rhythmic elements; and Bamboo Clappers which provides a distinctive clacking sound that complements the drums. The Wangala dance is a complex performance that tells the story of the agricultural cycle. The dancers move in synchronised patterns, their movements representing different farming activities. Swaying movements represent the swaying of rice plants in the wind while stomping feet mimic the act of threshing rice and hand movements show the sowing of seeds and the harvesting of crops. The dance is performed in lines, with men and women alternating. As the dance progresses, the tempo of the music increases, and the movements become more energetic, culminating in a joyous celebration of the harvest.

Food plays a central role in the Wangala festival. The celebration is an opportunity for the community to come together and share in the abundance of the harvest. Some traditional dishes served during the festival include Wak Pura, a dish made from pork and bamboo shoots, Nakham Bitchi, a chicken curry cooked with special herbs, Pura which are various types of smoked meat, Minil Songa, a dish made from fish and local vegetables, and Pitha which are rice cakes often served as dessert. Rice, being the main crop, features prominently in all meals. It is often served with various meat and vegetable side dishes. The traditional rice beer, “chu,” is essential to the celebration. It is consumed during the feasts and used in various rituals as an offering to the deities.

The Wangala festival holds immense social and cultural significance for the Garo community. The festival brings the entire community together, strengthening social bonds and reinforcing a sense of shared identity. Through the rituals, dances, and music, the festival helps in preserving and passing down Garo cultural traditions to younger generations. The festival marks the end of the agricultural year and the beginning of a new cycle, helping to structure the community’s annual activities. Today, the festival has become a tourist attraction, bringing economic benefits to the region. The festival’s focus on nature worship and agricultural cycles helps maintain an awareness of environmental issues among the community.

While the Wangala festival remains an important part of Garo culture, it faces several challenges in the modern era. As more young Garos move to cities for education and employment, there’s a risk of losing touch with traditional practices. The spread of Christianity among the Garo community has led to changes in how the festival is perceived and celebrated. There are concerns that the increasing tourism around the festival might lead to its commercialisation, potentially diluting its cultural significance. Changes in agricultural practices and environmental conditions pose challenges to the traditional agricultural cycle that the festival celebrates. Despite these challenges, the Wangala festival has shown remarkable resilience and adaptability. 

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In recent years, there have been concerted efforts to preserve and promote the festival. While individual villages still celebrate Wangala, there are now also centralised celebrations organized by cultural organizations and the state government. These larger events help in showcasing Garo culture to a wider audience. Efforts are being made to document the rituals, songs, and dances associated with the festival to ensure their preservation. Schools and colleges in the Garo Hills region often organise programs to educate students about the significance of Wangala and other traditional festivals. The festival is now promoted as a cultural tourism event, attracting visitors from across India and abroad. While this brings economic benefits, care is taken to maintain the festival’s authenticity. Some communities have adapted certain aspects of the festival to align with changing religious beliefs while still maintaining its core cultural significance.

The Wangala festival is more than just a harvest celebration; it is a vibrant expression of Garo culture, spirituality, and connection to the land. Through its colorful dances, rhythmic music, traditional attire, and communal feasts, Wangala offers a window into the rich cultural heritage of the Garo people.

As the festival continues to evolve in the face of modern challenges, it remains a testament to the resilience and adaptability of indigenous cultures. The Wangala festival serves as a reminder of the importance of preserving cultural traditions while also embracing change.

World Tsunami Awareness Day

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World Tsunami Awareness Day is observed annually on November 5th to raise awareness about the dangers of tsunamis and the importance of preparedness and early warning systems. Established by the United Nations General Assembly on December 22, 2015, this day serves as a reminder of the devastating impact of tsunamis and the need for proactive measures to mitigate their effects. 

The Japanese delegation proposed the day, reflecting Japan’s long history of tsunami experiences and its commitment to disaster risk reduction. November 5th was chosen to commemorate the Japanese story of “Inamura-no-hi,” which translates to “burning of the rice sheaves.” This tale recounts the actions of a Japanese farmer, Hamaguchi Goryō, who, in 1858 set fire to his rice crop to warn his village of an impending tsunami following an earthquake. His foresight allowed many villagers to evacuate to safety, and he later built protective seawalls to safeguard against future tsunamis.

The establishment of WTAD came in the wake of numerous devastating tsunamis, most notably the Indian Ocean tsunami of December 26, 2004. This catastrophic event resulted in over 230,000 fatalities across 14 countries, including Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, and Thailand. The sheer scale of destruction highlighted the urgent need for improved tsunami preparedness and early warning systems worldwide. In response, the UN and various organisations began to focus on raising awareness about tsunamis and promoting disaster risk reduction strategies.

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World Tsunami Awareness Day serves several important purposes. The day aims to educate the public about the risks associated with tsunamis and the importance of preparedness. It highlights the need for communities, especially those in coastal areas, to understand tsunami risks and take proactive measures. The day encourages governments, organisations, and communities to develop and implement effective tsunami early warning systems and disaster response plans. Preparedness can significantly reduce the loss of life and property during a tsunami. The day serves as a solemn reminder of the lives lost in past tsunamis, particularly the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. It honours the resilience of affected communities and the ongoing efforts to rebuild and recover. World Tsunami Awareness Day fosters collaboration among governments, NGOs, and communities to share best practices and innovative approaches to tsunami risk reduction. The day provides a platform for advocating for policies that prioritise disaster risk reduction and enhance the resilience of vulnerable communities.

The theme for World Tsunami Awareness Day 2024 is “Agriculture and Food Systems: The Key to Ending Hunger and Achieving Food Security.” This theme emphasises the critical role of agriculture and food systems in addressing the challenges posed by tsunamis and other natural disasters.

The theme highlights how tsunamis can disrupt agricultural production and food supply chains, leading to food insecurity. Coastal communities often rely on agriculture and fishing for their livelihoods, making them particularly vulnerable to the impacts of tsunamis. The theme encourages the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices that can withstand the impact of natural disasters. This includes promoting resilient crop varieties, improving soil health, and implementing effective water management strategies. 

The theme underscores the importance of integrating disaster risk reduction into agricultural policies and practices. This includes developing early warning systems for tsunamis and other disasters that can affect food production. The theme emphasises the need to build resilient communities that can adapt to the impacts of tsunamis and other natural disasters. This involves empowering local farmers and communities to take proactive measures to protect their livelihoods. It calls for collaboration among governments, NGOs, and international organisations to address the challenges of food security in the face of natural disasters. This includes sharing knowledge, resources, and best practices for disaster preparedness.

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The Indian Ocean tsunami of December 26, 2004, remains one of the deadliest natural disasters in history. Triggered by a magnitude 9.1 earthquake off the coast of Sumatra, Indonesia, the tsunami struck several countries, including Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, and others. The impact was catastrophic, with over 230,000 lives lost and millions more affected.

The 2004 tsunami highlighted several critical lessons about disaster preparedness and response. The lack of a comprehensive tsunami warning system in the Indian Ocean region contributed to the high death toll. In the aftermath of the disaster, there was a global push to establish early warning systems to alert communities of impending tsunamis. The disaster underscored the need for communities to be prepared for tsunamis. Education and training programs that teach residents about tsunami risks and evacuation procedures are essential for saving lives.

The response to the 2004 tsunami demonstrated the importance of international cooperation in disaster relief efforts. Countries and organisations came together to provide aid and support to affected communities. The disaster highlighted the need for long-term resilience building in vulnerable communities. This includes infrastructure investments, disaster risk reduction strategies, and sustainable agricultural practices. Local knowledge and traditional practices play a crucial role in disaster preparedness. Engaging communities in planning and response efforts can enhance resilience and improve outcomes.

World Tsunami Awareness Day is observed through various activities and initiatives aimed at raising awareness and promoting preparedness. UNESCO plays a vital role in promoting tsunami awareness and preparedness through its Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC). The IOC coordinates national and regional tsunami early warning services and raises global awareness about effective actions to reduce disaster risk.

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As we look to the future, several trends and priorities are emerging in the field of tsunami preparedness and disaster risk reduction. The use of technology, such as satellite monitoring and early warning systems, is becoming increasingly important in tsunami preparedness. Innovations in data collection and analysis can enhance our understanding of tsunami risks and improve response efforts. Engaging communities in disaster preparedness efforts is crucial for building resilience. Local knowledge and participation can significantly enhance the effectiveness of preparedness initiatives. Climate change is expected to increase the frequency and intensity of natural disasters, including tsunamis. Integrating climate change considerations into disaster risk reduction strategies is essential for enhancing resilience. Addressing the needs of vulnerable communities is critical for effective disaster preparedness. Ensuring that marginalised populations have access to information, resources, and support is essential for reducing risk. Continued collaboration among countries, organisations, and communities is vital for sharing knowledge, resources, and best practices in tsunami preparedness and disaster risk reduction.

World Tsunami Awareness Day serves as a crucial reminder of the ongoing risks posed by tsunamis and the importance of preparedness and early warning systems. The lessons learned from the 2004 Boxing Day tsunami continue to inform the understanding of tsunami risks and the importance of proactive measures to mitigate their impacts. By raising awareness, promoting preparedness, and fostering collaboration, we can work towards a more resilient future for communities at risk of tsunamis.