Walking as a Way of Thinking: On Plans, Pavements, and the Gap Between the Two

I walk a lot. Especially in places that are not mine yet. New cities, unfamiliar neighbourhoods, streets where my body does not know what comes next. I walk because I want to see things, yes, but also because walking has become the way my thinking loosens its collar. It is not mystical. It is not romantic. It is practical. Walking gives my mind enough structure to stay upright and enough freedom to wander without tipping over.

When I walk in a new place, my route is usually planned. That surprises people who expect wandering to be the more thoughtful option. But planning is how I buy myself freedom. I tend to have a list of places I want to see, and mapping them gives the walk a spine. Once that spine exists, my mind can stop worrying about logistics and start doing other things. I know roughly where I am going. That knowledge frees up attention.

This matters because attention is finite. If I am constantly asking myself where I am and whether I am lost, my thinking stays shallow. A planned route reduces that noise. It creates a container. Inside it, thoughts show up in their own messy order. I used to think this meant I was missing out on serendipity. Now I am less convinced. Serendipity does not require chaos. It requires presence. And presence is easier when you are not negotiating every decision from scratch.

Walking in a new place does something subtle to the mind. It removes autopilot. Even with a planned route, unfamiliar streets ask small questions of you constantly. Which side of the pavement do I walk on? How fast do people cross here? Does this street feel safe, rushed, sleepy? Your body is answering before your mind finishes the sentence. That constant, low-level engagement pulls you out of abstraction and into the moment. Thinking changes when it is anchored to the present.

Most of my walks start with intention, but not with control. I may begin with a problem I want to think through, or a sense of unease I want to understand. Often it is both. I lean more towards problem-solving when I walk. The rhythm of steps seems to suit planning, sequencing, and decision-making. But introspection sneaks in anyway. It always does. The mind does not respect neat categories. It brings what is loudest.

The first thoughts that show up on a walk are rarely polite. They are not orderly. They arrive in no particular sequence. Practical plans crash into memories. Worries elbow their way past creative ideas. I might be thinking about what to do next in the day and suddenly remember a conversation from years ago, then switch to a new idea for a piece of writing, then circle back to the thing I was anxious about in the first place. This randomness used to bother me. Now I see it as diagnostic. It tells me what is actually occupying my mind, not what I wish were occupying it.

Walking does not clear the mind. That phrase is too clean. Walking rearranges it. It changes the queue. Thoughts that were shouting sometimes quieten down. Thoughts that were waiting patiently step forward. The body, moving steadily through space, gives the mind permission to move too.

I usually walk with sound. Music, meditation tracks, sometimes a podcast. Sound sets the emotional temperature. Music can soften the edges of a hard day. Podcasts can keep me company when my own thoughts feel repetitive. But I also know when sound becomes a shield. When I am trying to untangle something knotted, I walk in silence. Silence removes the buffer. It is harder. It is also more honest.

There is a particular discomfort that shows up in silent walks. You notice how quickly the mind tries to fill space. How it reaches for plans, lists, and imaginary conversations. You also notice how much of that is rehearsing rather than resolving. Walking in silence exposes that habit. It shows you the difference between thinking and circling.

One uncomfortable truth I have reached while walking is this: I plan far better than I execute. Walking is where I come up with grand plans for the day, for projects, for life. They feel sensible while my legs are moving. They feel doable. And then the day ends and the list is still half-finished. The walk gave me clarity, but clarity did not automatically turn into action.

This is where walking as a way of thinking reveals its limits. Walking is excellent for ideation, reflection, and decision-making. It is less good at follow-through. The danger is mistaking the feeling of momentum for momentum itself. A long walk can feel productive. It can even be productive, mentally. But it can also become a substitute for doing the work. I have had to be honest with myself about this. If walking is where I think best, then something else has to be where I execute best. Expecting one activity to do everything is unfair to both the activity and to me.

There is another assumption worth challenging. We often talk about thinking as something that happens in the head alone. The body is treated as transport.s. This is nonsense. The body is part of the thinking system. Pace, breath, posture, tension, hunger, and fatigue all shape what the mind can access. Walking changes these variables. Breathing deepens. Shoulders drop. Eyes move across distance instead of locking onto a screen. That physical shift alters cognitive tone. Thinking becomes less brittle.

In a new place, this effect intensifies. The body is alert but not threatened. It is curious. That state is gold for thinking. Curiosity loosens defensiveness. You are less invested in proving yourself right. You are more open to noticing what is there.

But novelty cuts both ways. Too much stimulation and thinking fragments. A crowded street pulls attention outward relentlessly. There is no room for sustained thought. This kind of walk is useful when you need to interrupt rumination. It is less useful when you need to reason carefully. Not all walks are equal. The setting matters.

So does pace. A slow walk invites observation. A brisk walk supports planning and problem-solving. Very fast walking can turn into a way of burning off anxiety without actually engaging with it. None of these are wrong. But they are different tools. Using the wrong one can leave you confused about why the walk did not “work.”

Walking also amplifies existing thinking patterns. If you tend to ruminate, walking gives rumination more airtime. If you tend to rehearse conversations, you will leave with a flawless speech that may never be delivered. Walking does not correct these habits. It gives them space. That can be helpful or harmful depending on awareness.

This is why I think of walking as a setting, not a solution. In the right setting, thinking improves. In the wrong one, it simply gets louder.

What makes a walk a good thinking setting? For me, it starts with a single question. Not an agenda. Not a list. One question I can carry lightly. Something open-ended. What am I avoiding? What would change if I trusted myself a little more? What is actually within my control here? The question acts as a thread. I do not force answers. I just notice when my mind returns to it.

But questions can also be used to steer away from discomfort. If you always ask questions that keep you comfortable, your answers will be comforting and unhelpful. I have learned to pay attention to the questions I resist. The ones that tighten the chest slightly. Those are usually the ones that matter.

There are also walks where I make no attempt to think at all. This is not a contradiction. The mind has a background mode that works quietly when you stop interfering. Some insights arrive only when you stop demanding them. Walking supports that background processing, especially when you are not filling every moment with input.

This is where the relationship with sound becomes important. Music can regulate mood. Podcasts can inform and distract. Silence invites contact. None of these are superior. The question is what you need. Are you supporting your thinking, or avoiding it?

Walking with other people adds another layer. Side-by-side conversation is different from sitting across a table. It is less intense. Silences are easier. Hard topics surface more naturally. Walking together can make honesty feel safer. But it also shapes what you think. You adjust to another pace, another energy. You edit yourself. Solo walking gives access to unfiltered thought. Social walking offers perspective. Both are necessary. Neither is complete.

If walking is a way of thinking, it is worth naming what it is not good at. It does not replace stillness. Some thoughts require sitting. They require staying put when the urge is to move. Walking can become a way of avoiding that confrontation. Healthier than many avoidance strategies, yes. Still avoidance.

It also does not replace discipline. You can walk your way to insight and still fail to act on it. This is where my own discomfort sits. Walking shows me what matters. It does not make me do it. Execution requires different muscles. Planning a walk feels good. Execution often feels tedious. Confusing the two is how days slip away.

So I have started adding a small rule for myself. When a walk produces a plan, I write down the next action when I get home. Just one. And I do it the same day if possible. Not because productivity is virtuous, but because thinking that never meets action becomes self-indulgent.

Thinking well, for me, is not about brilliance. It is about kindness and accuracy. Kinder self-talk. Better decisions. Less time spent in self-flagellation disguised as analysis. More execution, even if imperfect. Walking helps with the first part. It softens the inner voice. It puts problems in proportion. It reminds me that I am a body moving through the world, not just a mind stuck inside itself. But the work continues after the walk ends. That is where thinking has to earn its keep.

Walking as a way of thinking works because it brings thought back into contact with reality. Streets do not care about your theories. Pavements do not validate your excuses. You have to keep moving. You have to watch where you are going. That quiet insistence on forward motion changes something in the mind. I do not trust walking because it feels poetic. I trust it because I can test it. I can feel the shift when I walk. My thinking becomes less sharp-edged. My stories loosen. I am not magically wiser. I am more honest.

The real question is what happens next. Do I carry that honesty into the rest of the day? Do I close the gap between the plans I make while walking and the actions I avoid when I stop? Do I allow thinking to lead somewhere concrete, even if it is uncomfortable?

And on the days when I cannot walk, because bodies have limits and life intervenes, can I recreate that rhythm in another way? A slower breath. A longer look out of a window. A deliberate pause before reacting. Walking helps me think. It does not think for me. The responsibility still sits where it always has.

With me.

Sky High and Far: Conquering Ultra-Long Travel

Source

Air travel has shrunk the world, making it possible to cross continents in a single day. Today’s aviation marvels, like direct flights from Singapore to New York or London to Sydney, make journeys once considered arduous more accessible. But behind the allure of clocking 14, 17, or even 19 hours in the sky lies a set of physical, psychological, and logistical challenges.

So what happens to your body on (ultra) long-haul flights?

Dehydration and Humidity: Aircraft cabins typically have humidity levels significantly lower than those of most deserts, often below 20%. This causes rapid dehydration, leading to symptoms such as dry skin, parched lips, sore eyes, and an overall sense of tiredness. Prolonged dehydration may also aggravate headaches and impair your body’s ability to ward off illnesses.

Circadian Rhythms and Fatigue: Long-haul flights often cross multiple time zones. This disrupts your circadian rhythm, or your body’s internal clock, resulting in jet lag. Symptoms include insomnia, daytime fatigue, impaired concentration, digestive issues, and decreased physical performance.

Reduced Oxygen and Cabin Pressure: Aircraft cabins are pressurised to simulate an altitude of 6,000 to 8,000 feet. Oxygen saturation drops, which can lead to a sensation of breathlessness, mild hypoxia, which is especially concerning for people with pre-existing heart/lung conditions, and increased fatigue.

Immobility and Blood Clot Risks: Extended periods of limited movement can slow blood circulation in the legs, increasing the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), blood clots that can be life-threatening if they travel to the lungs. Swollen feet, muscle stiffness, and general discomfort are common byproducts of sitting for hours without movement.

Bloating, Gas, and Digestive Upset: Lower cabin pressure can cause gases in your intestines to expand, resulting in bloating, indigestion, or abdominal discomfort. It’s common to feel gassy or experience changes in bowel habits after long flights.

Stress, Germs, and Energetic Drain: Travelling exposes you to more germs and stress; think airport crowds, queues, and irregular routines. All these factors contribute to fatigue and lower immunity upon arrival.

Weighing Your Options: Nonstop vs. Transit (Connecting) Flights
When deciding between nonstop flights and those with transits or connections, travellers need to weigh several considerations. Nonstop flights are undoubtedly the fastest and most straightforward way to reach your destination, sparing you the hassle and potential stress of layovers, missed connections, or lost luggage. This simplicity and predictability can contribute to a smoother travel experience, allowing you to maintain a more regular sleep and meal schedule. However, nonstop ultra-long-haul flights can be more expensive and exert a greater physical toll, as being confined to an aircraft seat for extended periods increases discomfort, fatigue, and risks related to prolonged immobility. Not all city pairs offer nonstop service, which can also limit options.

On the other hand, connecting flights typically present a more budget-friendly alternative, often costing less than their nonstop counterparts. They also break up the journey, providing you with opportunities to stretch, refresh, or even explore a new city during a layover. These routes offer greater flexibility in terms of airlines, schedules, and potential stopover destinations. The downsides, however, include a longer total travel time and more opportunities for travel disruptions due to delays, missed connections, or baggage mishandling. Ultimately, choosing nonstop or connecting flights comes down to balancing priorities: whether you place more value on speed and convenience or on cost savings and the ability to break up the trip.

When Should You Choose Each? If you prize speed, simplicity, and convenience, and your budget allows, nonstop flights are preferable. If you value saving money, increased flexibility, or want a physical break on ultra-long trips, connecting flights may suit you better.

Making Long- and Ultra-Long-Haul Flights Bearable: Tips, Tricks, and Hacks
Surviving (and even enjoying) hours in the sky requires planning, adaptability, and a toolkit of comfort strategies. Here’s what seasoned travellers and medical experts recommend:

Before You Fly

  • Rest Well in Advance: Try to get a solid night’s sleep before your journey.
  • Exercise and Shower: A brisk workout and relaxing hot shower right before traveling aid relaxation and circulation.
  • Dress for Comfort: Wear loose-fitting, layered clothing; consider compression socks to reduce DVT risk.

Packing Essentials

  • Hydration Helpers: Bring a refillable water bottle to fill after passing security. Drink often, and minimise caffeine and alcohol, which amplify dehydration.
  • Entertainment Arsenal: Pre-load your device with movies, books, music, podcasts, games, and chargers; avoid relying solely on in-seat entertainment.
  • Snack Savvy: Pack healthy snacks like nuts, fruit, or energy bars. Airline food schedules may not suit your hunger or dietary preferences.
  • Travel Comfort Gear: Don’t forget a supportive neck pillow, sleep mask, earplugs or noise-cancelling headphones, and a lightweight blanket or scarf.
  • Personal Care Kit: Moisturiser, lip balm, toothbrush, toothpaste, and facial wipes will keep you feeling fresh.

In-Flight Hacks

  • Move Regularly: Walk the aisles as allowed; at minimum, do foot pumps, ankle circles, mini stretches, and stand up every 60–90 minutes.
  • Stay Hydrated: Sip water throughout the flight, even if you don’t feel thirsty.
  • Minimise Alcohol and Caffeine: Alcohol disrupts sleep patterns; caffeine heightens dehydration and can delay recovery from jet lag.
  • Sleep Smart: Adjust your watch to the destination time and try to sleep in blocks matched to your new schedule. Use a sleep mask and neck pillow for better rest. Consider (with medical advice) light sleep aids or melatonin.
  • Dress Warmly: Cabins can feel chilly; layer up as needed.
  • Plan for Arrival: Use spare time to review destination details, meet work deadlines, or journal about your trip, it makes the time feel productive and meaningful.

East vs. West: Does Direction Matter?
Flight times are often shorter when flying eastward, particularly on transcontinental and transpacific routes. This is mostly due to prevailing jet streams, powerful, high-altitude winds that generally move west to east in both hemispheres. Planes heading east can ride these “sky rivers” and cut total flight time by 30–90 minutes or more, depending on the route.

Jet Lag: East or West, Which Is Worse?
Jet lag is typically worse when flying east than west. The reason: your body clock finds it harder to adjust to a shorter day (phase advance, flying east) than a longer one (phase delay, flying west). Essentially while flying west, you “gain” hours, and your circadian rhythm is better able to stretch the day, a process more natural to most people. On the other hand, if you fly east, you “lose” hours, compressing the day and forcing your body to adapt to an earlier bedtime, which most find harder. So if If minimising jet lag is a top priority and routes/fares allow, opt for a westward journey to make your arrival a bit smoother, especially on multi-time-zone or ultra-long-haul flights.

Is flying ultra long-haul safe? Yes, for healthy individuals, though special care is needed if you have heart, lung, or blood conditions, or if you’re pregnant or have recently gone scuba diving. Always consult your doctor before booking.

Should I pay for that non-stop ticket? If time, routine, and convenience are huge for you (especially for business, families, or mobility concerns), the extra cost may be well worth it. If you’re price-sensitive, want a leisurely journey, or don’t mind breaking it up, connecting flights shine.

How can I make the economy class feel like business? While there’s no substitute for lie-flat beds, you can maximize comfort in economy by choosing an aisle or bulkhead seat for extra legroom, boarding early to settle in, and upgrading with miles or bidding for premium economy.

Embrace the adventure, be prepared
Long- and ultra-long-haul flights can be challenging, but with some preparation, smart choices, and a bit of flexibility, you can emerge healthier, more rested, and even excited to explore your destination. Whether your journey keeps you aloft for a single epic haul or you opt for the scenic route with strategic stopovers, understanding the physical, logistical, and psychological factors at play will ensure you arrive, body and mind, ready for your next adventure.

So, during a long- or ultra-long-haul flight, hydrate, move often, and pack for self-care; make a choice between nonstop and connecting flights based on your own priorities, not just the price; if you can, fly west to minimise jet lag; and treat ultra-long-haul flights as part of the journey’s adventure, not just an ordeal.

Family Footprints: An Unforgettable Italian Adventure – Part 4

First view of Venice

Venice
We reached Venice around 8 pm, and my god, the first view of the city by the water completely blew me away! We reached just around sunset, and the city was so beautiful! We took a water taxi to the stop closest to our Airbnb, which was the Rialto Bridge, and walked to the house. Venice is full of cobbled streets and lots of bridges, so we had a slightly hard time walking to the house. The flat was on the second floor and didn’t have an elevator, so again I had to climb with the luggage. We went and brought back food, had a nice dinner with wine, and slept after a tiring day.

St Mark’s Square

The next day, our last day of the trip, we woke up slightly late, and then after getting ready and checking out, we left our luggage at a luggage storage place. There are lots around, and we found one midway between our house and the water taxi point. We also booked tickets for a water taxi to get to the airport before leaving the house. After coffee, we walked to St. Mark’s Square, where we took in the beauty of the square and the Doge’s Palace. Then it was time to tick off a bucket list item—a gondola ride. We negotiated and got two gondolas and took the one-hour ride. After that, it was time for a quick lunch before one of us had to leave for the train station, as she was continuing her trip in Italy. The rest of us wandered around and finally picked up our luggage before heading to the water taxi embarkation point at Rialto. The taxi took about an hour to get to the airport, which is also connected to a jetty. It was super hot at this point, and it was the only time I had to put my hair up! Then a two-hour flight back to London before we took a taxi back to my sister’s house.

Another view of the Venice Grand Canal

The next day, the day I was flying back to Singapore, we all woke up late, after being exhausted the previous six days. After getting ready, I got my sister to take me food shopping. I had a list of some cheese, tea, and oils to buy, which I was not able to purchase in Italy because of the rules in the UK. Then we went to lunch at this amazing West African restaurant. We had the tasting menu, which lasted for about 2 hours. After that, we dropped the sister, who also lives in London, at the train station, which was the easiest way for her to get home, and then rushed home because it was late for me to get to the airport. I was stressed at this point because I had heard so much about how long it would take to clear check-in and passport control at London Heathrow that I was constantly refreshing all the apps I had checking about the times it would take me. After quickly changing and putting my things in my bag, we left for the airport. Check-in was smooth, as was passport control and customs, and I was finally on the other side. Then it was another 13 hours to Singapore, which I spent more or less sleeping, and then I was reunited with my family!

And that was our epic trip in spring!

Taking off from London Heathrow

Some last thoughts:

We packed too much into the trip – if I have to redo it, I would only do one main activity or attraction in a day and let us flow through the day. Since this was the first trip to Italy for most of us, we wanted to maximise our time there. What we forgot was that if you have six women trying to get out of the door, things will be delayed! Also, maybe we should not have gone to Venice and had an additional day in Florence. But this just means I have to go back to see all that I missed.

We used the Frecciarossa high-speed train from the Italian Rail, and I was impressed. We decided to spend a bit more and booked business class tickets on both journeys. The trains left and arrived on time on both trips. On the trip from Rome to Florence, other than us, there were two other people in the cabin, while we were the only ones in the cabin on the trip from Florence to Venice. The ticket also included a drink and a cookie. There is a small storage area above the seats, and bigger bags can be stored in a dedicated space at the entrance of the cabin. It was safe, as this was a nonstop trip and we were in eye contact with our luggage at all times. During the Rome to Florence trip, we did have some police asking to see our passports, but this didn’t happen on the second trip.

We also used Rome’s metro almost exclusively during our time there and didn’t have any issues. We all had contactless cards and used them. Rome’s metro has a fixed charge, and we paid €1.5 for each trip, irrespective of the distance, and you only need to tap your card when you enter, not when you exit. We did see a couple jump fare when we were coming back from dinner near Piazza Popolo, so that took us by surprise.

I was also worried about pickpockets in Italy and especially in Rome and had taken the precaution of having my phone on a lanyard around my neck at all times, but we didn’t see anything, and touch wood, nothing happened to us. I guess, growing up in India, we unconsciously were careful, or maybe we didn’t look like it was worth pickpocketing us. I also never had my passport with me; instead, I had a photo and my digital copy on hand.

Somewhere in Florence

Some tips and tricks that may help future travellers:

Overall Italy:

  • The streets are cobbled, and most older buildings don’t have lifts or elevators. So, before you pack that extra piece of clothing, think about whether you will be able to carry it up. My knowledge is from Airbnb, so if you are staying in a hotel, it may be different.
  • When visiting churches, shoulders and knees must be covered (men too), hats off, and no sleeveless tops. Both Florence’s Duomo and St Mark’s Basilica are strict and actively turning people away. Pack a light scarf for instant compliance.
  • Reserve, screenshot, repeat. Timed tickets for hot spots (Colosseum arena, Brunelleschi’s Dome, Accademia, Uffizi) open ~90 days out and often live only in a QR code. Save it offline: Italian turnstiles frequently lose signal, and email apps can lag. Florence’s Dome is now gated by the Brunelleschi Pass, so no pass, no climb.
  • Stamp (or check in) your regional train ticket. Paper regional tickets must be time-stamped in the green/white machines; digital tickets need the Trenitalia/Italo “check-in” tap before departure. Fines start around €50 if the conductor catches an unstamped fare.
  • Historic centres in pretty much all Italian cities are camera-policed limited-traffic zones; a rental car that strays inside can trigger an €80–€120 ticket months after you’re home, plus the agency’s admin fee. Park outside the walls and ride public transport instead.
  • Carry a small cross-body and stay alert.
  • Keep phones zipped away during crowd surges and ignore “helpful” strangers who bump or offer petitions.
Piazza del Popolo

Rome:

  • Book tickets early for major sites like the Colosseum and the Vatican. We booked almost 2 months out and still could not get the dates/times we wanted. Hence, the big miss when we went to Vatican City.
  • Use contactless cards on Rome’s public transit system. We used the same card for both the metro and the bus and, in both cases, paid €1.50 for each ride, irrespective of its length.
  • Hydrate from the street. Rome’s 2,500 nasoni fountains pour free, safe water 24/7. Carry a bottle and skip pricey kiosks. Look for “acqua non potabile” signs before sipping.
Views from Castello di Brolio

Florence:

  • Book Brunelleschi Pass tickets in advance for timed entry.
  • The Uffizi is free on the first Sunday of the month, but expect crowds.
  • Avoid driving in ZTL zones; you will be liable for heavy fines otherwise.
Grand Canal, Venice

Venice:

  • Budget for the “invisible” fees. Venice now charges day-trippers €5 (€10 if you book within 4 days of arrival) on 54 peak-season dates; carry the downloaded QR or risk a €50–€300 fine at the causeways.
  • Take the skip-the-line queue for St. Mark’s Basilica; watch for acqua alta.
  • The vaporetto pass is cheaper, but avoid large luggage. Though when we did use it from the station to our Airbnb, one of us had a large luggage, it was ok, but manageable.
  • There are fines for feeding pigeons or sitting on the Rialto Bridge steps.

Marvels of Time: From Ancient to the Modern World

Humanity has always been captivated by monumental achievements that reflect creativity, engineering brilliance, and cultural significance. The “Wonders of the World” concept has evolved over centuries, starting with the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World and extending to modern marvels.

The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World

The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World were iconic structures celebrated for their grandeur and artistic excellence during classical antiquity. These wonders were concentrated around the Mediterranean Basin, reflecting the geographical scope of ancient Greek civilisation. They were chosen based on a combination of cultural, artistic, and historical significance during classical antiquity rather than age or geographic diversity.

The list originated in ancient Greece, where travelers and scholars like Herodotus and Callimachus of Cyrene compiled it to celebrate extraordinary human achievements within the Hellenistic world. The wonders were concentrated around the Mediterranean Basin, reflecting the geographic scope of Greek civilisation and its cultural connections. The Greeks valued monumental structures that represented perfection, grandeur, and artistic excellence. The number seven was symbolic for them, representing perfection and plenty, as well as the number of known planets at the time.

The selected wonders were celebrated for their artistic beauty and architectural ingenuity. These monuments reflected human creativity and craftsmanship, aligning with Greek ideals of aesthetics and engineering. The wonders were widely recognised in their time due to their fame among travellers, historians, and poets. Their inclusion in guidebooks and writings ensured their place in collective memory. Older monuments like Göbekli Tepe or Malta’s Megalithic Temples were less known to the Greeks because they were geographically distant or had fallen into obscurity by then.

Many older monuments had deteriorated significantly by the time the list was compiled. The Seven Wonders were chosen because they were still impressive or intact enough to inspire awe during antiquity. The Great Pyramid of Giza was included because it remained a monumental marvel while ruins like Göbekli Tepe or Jericho lacked sufficient preservation to be appreciated in the same way during that era. The selection also reflects a bias toward Mediterranean cultures familiar to Greek travellers. Monuments outside this region, such as those in Asia or Africa, were largely excluded despite their age or significance.

The seven wonders of the ancient world are:

Great Pyramid of Giza, Egypt
Date of Construction: 2584–2561 BC
Builders: Egyptians
Status: The only surviving wonder
Location: Giza Necropolis, Egypt

The Great Pyramid of Giza stands as a testament to ancient engineering prowess. Built as a tomb for Pharaoh Khufu, it is composed of approximately 2.3 million limestone blocks. Its precise construction methods remain a mystery, inspiring awe even today.

Hanging Gardens of Babylon, Iraq
Date of Construction: c. 600 BC
Builders: Babylonians or Assyrians
Status: Existence debated
Location: Hillah or Nineveh, Iraq

Legend describes these gardens as lush terraces built by King Nebuchadnezzar II for his queen. Despite their fame, no archaeological evidence has confirmed their existence, sparking debates among historians.

Statue of Zeus at Olympia, Greece
Date of Construction: 435 BC
Builders: Greeks, Phidias
Status: Destroyed by fire in Constantinople
Location: Olympia, Greece

This ornate statue depicts Zeus seated on a throne, adorned with gold and ivory. It was considered a masterpiece of ancient Greek sculpture.

Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, Turkey
Date of Construction: c. 550 BC
Builders: Greeks and Lydians
Status: Destroyed by arson and plundering
Location: Near Selçuk, Turkey

Dedicated to Artemis, this colossal temple was renowned for its artistic embellishments and immense size.

Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, Turkey
Date of Construction: 351 BC
Builders: Greeks, Persians, Carians
Status: Destroyed by earthquakes
Location: Bodrum, Turkey

Built as a tomb for King Mausolus by his wife Artemisia, this structure inspired the term “mausoleum” for grand burial monuments.

Colossus of Rhodes, Greece
Date of Construction: 292–280 BC
Builders: Greeks, Chares of Lindos
Status: Destroyed by an earthquake
Location: Rhodes, Greece

A massive bronze statue celebrating Rhodes’ victory over Cyprus, it stood at the harbor entrance before collapsing in an earthquake.

Lighthouse of Alexandria, Egypt
Date of Construction: c. 280 BC
Builders: Greeks and Ptolemaic Egyptians
Status: Destroyed by earthquakes
Location: Alexandria, Egypt

Guiding sailors safely into Alexandria’s harbor, this lighthouse was among the tallest man-made structures in antiquity.

The Seven Wonders inspired generations with their architectural ingenuity and artistic grandeur. Their legacy influenced Roman culture, Renaissance art, and modern tourism. Except for the Great Pyramid, all other wonders have succumbed to natural disasters or human intervention.

Having said that, several monuments in Asia and the rest of the world are significantly older than the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, which were constructed between the 6th and 3rd centuries BCE. These sites showcase the ingenuity and creativity of early civilizations, often challenging our understanding of prehistoric societies. Below are some notable examples:

ASIA

Göbekli Tepe, Turkey
Date: 9500–7500 BCE
Significance: Located in southern Turkey, Göbekli Tepe is considered the world’s oldest known temple complex. It predates agriculture and features massive T-shaped stone pillars arranged in circles, adorned with intricate carvings of animals.
Why It’s Remarkable: Its construction challenges conventional views of early human societies, suggesting organized religion existed before settled agricultural communities.

Tell Qaramel, Syria
Date: 10650–9650 BCE
Significance: Situated in northern Syria, this site contains five stone towers believed to be among the oldest known structures of their type in the world.
Why It’s Remarkable: These towers indicate advanced architectural skills during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic period, long before the construction of monumental structures elsewhere.

Mehrgarh, Pakistan
Date: 7000 BCE
Significance: A Neolithic settlement located in modern-day Balochistan, Mehrgarh is one of the earliest sites showing evidence of farming, domestication of animals, and advanced craftsmanship.
Why It’s Remarkable: It represents one of the first instances of urban planning and organised settlement in South Asia.

Jericho, West Bank, Palestine
Date: c. 8000 BCE
Significance: The Tower of Jericho, an 8.5-meter-tall stone structure, is one of the earliest examples of monumental architecture. Jericho itself is considered one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world.
Why It’s Remarkable: The tower demonstrates early engineering skills and possibly served religious or defensive purposes.

Çatalhöyük, Turkey
Date: 7500–5700 BCE
Significance: This large Neolithic settlement in southern Anatolia features densely packed mud-brick houses with no streets, accessed via rooftops. Wall paintings and artifacts suggest a rich cultural life.
Why It’s Remarkable: Çatalhöyük is often cited as one of the earliest examples of urban living.

Ziggurat of Ur, Iraq
Date: c. 2100 BCE
Significance: While not as old as Göbekli Tepe or Tell Qaramel, this Sumerian ziggurat in Mesopotamia predates many ancient wonders like the Hanging Gardens or Colossus of Rhodes. It served as a temple to honor Nanna, the moon god.
Why It’s Remarkable: Its advanced design and astronomical alignment reflect early Mesopotamian engineering and religious practices.

EUROPE

Megalithic Temples of Malta, Malta
Date: c. 3600–2500 BCE
Significance: The Ġgantija and Ħaġar Qim temples are some of the oldest free-standing stone structures in the world. They were used for religious purposes and featured intricate carvings and altars.
Why It’s Remarkable: These temples predate both Stonehenge and the Egyptian pyramids, showcasing advanced construction techniques for their time.

Newgrange, County Meath, Ireland
Date: c. 3200 BCE
Significance: This prehistoric passage tomb is aligned with the winter solstice, allowing sunlight to illuminate its inner chamber during sunrise on specific days.
Why It’s Remarkable: Its sophisticated astronomical alignment highlights early humans’ understanding of celestial events.

Stonehenge, Wiltshire, England
Date: c. 3000–2000 BCE
Significance: This iconic Neolithic monument consists of massive stone circles believed to have been used for ceremonial or astronomical purposes.
Why It’s Remarkable: Its construction over centuries reflects significant cultural and technological development in prehistoric Britain.

Cairn of Barnenez, Brittany, France
Date: c. 4800 BCE
Significance: This megalithic burial mound is one of Europe’s oldest structures, featuring chambers built with large stones.
Why It’s Remarkable: Its age and scale make it a critical site for understanding early European funerary practices.

AFRICA

Pyramid of Djoser, Saqqara, Egypt
Date: c. 2667–2648 BCE
Significance: Designed by Imhotep for Pharaoh Djoser, this step pyramid is considered the earliest large-scale cut-stone construction in history.
Why It’s Remarkable: It laid the foundation for later pyramid-building techniques in ancient Egypt.

Tichitt Culture Settlements, Mauritania
Date: c. 2200–200 BCE
Significance: These stone-based settlements feature well-organized streets and fortified compounds built by agropastoralists in West Africa.
Why It’s Remarkable: The settlements represent one of Africa’s earliest urbanized societies south of the Sahara.

Nabta Playa, Nubian Desert, near the Egypt-Sudan border
Date: c. 4500 BCE
Significance: This site features a stone circle believed to be an early astronomical observatory, predating Stonehenge by thousands of years.
Why It’s Remarkable: Nabta Playa demonstrates early humans’ interest in astronomy and their ability to organize communal projects.

THE AMERICAS

Caral-Supe Civilisation, Supe Valley, Peru
Date: c. 2627 BCE
Significance: Caral is one of the oldest urban centers in the Americas, featuring pyramids, plazas, and residential areas constructed by one of South America’s earliest civilizations.
Why It’s Remarkable: Its advanced city planning and monumental architecture rival contemporary developments in Mesopotamia and Egypt.

Sechin Bajo, Áncash Region, Peru
Date: c. 3500 BCE
Significance: This ceremonial center includes ruins dating back to one of the earliest known civilizations in South America.
Why It’s Remarkable: The site predates many other well-known ancient cities globally, showcasing early societal organization.

Monte Verde, Llanquihue Province, Chile
Date: c. 14,500 years ago (Pre-Clovis Era)
Significance: While not a monument in the traditional sense, Monte Verde is one of the oldest known human settlements in the Americas, featuring evidence of shelters and tools made by early hunter-gatherers.
Why It’s Remarkable: Its age challenges earlier theories about human migration into the Americas.

The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World were primarily constructed during classical antiquity (6th–3rd centuries BCE), with only the Great Pyramid being older than this timeframe. In contrast, these monuments date back thousands of years, showcasing advanced architectural and cultural achievements during prehistoric times. These ancient sites highlight humanity’s ingenuity long before the era traditionally celebrated by classical wonders. Their significance lies not only in their age but also in their influence on subsequent civilizations and their role in shaping early human history.

The New Seven Wonders of the Modern World
In 2007, a global initiative led by the New7Wonders Foundation selected seven new wonders through public votes from over 200 candidates worldwide. These modern wonders symbolise humanity’s ability to create masterpieces across cultures.

Great Wall of China, China
Date of Construction: Since 7th century BC
Location: China
Stretching over 13,000 miles, this defensive fortification represents centuries of Chinese engineering against invasions.

Petra, Jordan
Date of Construction: c. 100 BC
Location: Ma’an Governorate, Jordan
Known as the ‘Rose City,’ Petra features intricate rock-cut architecture that blends natural beauty with human ingenuity.

Christ the Redeemer Statue, Brazil
Date Completed: October 12, 1931
Location: Rio de Janeiro
Towering over Rio de Janeiro at 98 feet tall, this statue symbolises peace and Christianity while offering panoramic views.

Machu Picchu, Peru
Date of Construction: c. AD 1450
Location: Urubamba Province
Nestled in the Andes Mountains, this Incan citadel showcases advanced dry-stone construction techniques without mortar.

Chichén Itzá, Mexico
Date Built: c. AD 600
Location: Yucatán Peninsula
This Mayan city features El Castillo—a pyramid dedicated to Kukulcán—and reflects astronomical precision in its design.

Roman Colosseum, Italy
Date Completed: AD 80
Location: Rome
An iconic amphitheater that hosted gladiatorial contests and public spectacles during ancient Rome’s peak.

Taj Mahal, India
Date Completed: c. AD 1648
Location: Agra
Commissioned by Emperor Shah Jahan as a mausoleum for his wife, Mumtaz Mahal, its white marble facade epitomises Mughal artistry.

Other monuments that could be considered wonders of the world include the following:

Angkor Wat, Cambodia
Significance: The largest religious monument in the world, Angkor Wat reflects the grandeur of the Khmer Empire and its intricate architectural design.
Why It’s Remarkable: Its scale and artistry make it a masterpiece of human creativity.

Moai Statues of Easter Island, Chile
Significance: These massive stone statues carved by the Rapa Nui people represent their ancestors and cultural heritage.
Why It’s Remarkable: Their mysterious construction and placement continue to intrigue historians.

Hagia Sophia, Turkey
Significance: Originally built as a Byzantine cathedral in 537 CE, Hagia Sophia has served as a mosque and museum, showcasing architectural brilliance.
Why It’s Remarkable: Its massive dome and historical transformations symbolize cultural fusion.

Neuschwanstein Castle, Germany
Significance: This fairytale castle in Bavaria represents romantic architecture and inspired Disney’s iconic designs.
Why It’s Remarkable: Its picturesque setting and elaborate design make it a unique wonder.

Great Mosque of Djenné, Mali
Significance: A stunning example of mud-brick architecture, this mosque is central to Mali’s cultural heritage.
Why It’s Remarkable: Its construction techniques and annual maintenance rituals showcase community involvement.

Sydney Opera House, Australia
Significance: An iconic modern structure known for its unique shell-like design and cultural significance.
Why It’s Remarkable: It is a global symbol of architectural innovation.

Iguazu Falls, Argentina/Brazil
Significance: One of the largest and most powerful waterfall systems in the world, spanning multiple cascades.
Why It’s Remarkable: Its sheer size and beauty make it an unforgettable natural spectacle.

Aurora Borealis, Northern Hemisphere
Significance: Also known as the Northern Lights, this celestial phenomenon creates mesmerizing displays of color in polar skies.
Why It’s Remarkable: Its rarity and visual splendor captivate observers worldwide.

Hạ Long Bay, Vietnam
Significance: Known for its emerald waters and limestone karst formations, this UNESCO World Heritage Site is a natural treasure.
Why It’s Remarkable: Its surreal landscape feels like stepping into another world.

Table Mountain, South Africa
Significance: Overlooking Cape Town, this flat-topped mountain offers panoramic views and diverse flora.
Why It’s Remarkable: Its unique shape and ecological richness make it a standout landmark.

Amazon Rainforest, South America
Significance: The world’s largest tropical rainforest spans multiple countries and supports unparalleled biodiversity.
Why It’s Remarkable: Its ecological importance makes it vital for global environmental health.

HONOURABLE MENTIONS

Old City of Jerusalem, Israel: A spiritual centre for three major religions with millennia of history.
Potala Palace, Tibet: An architectural marvel symbolising Tibetan Buddhism.
Grand Canyon, USA: A geological masterpiece carved by the Colorado River over millions of years

The wonders, both ancient and modern, serve as reminders of humanity’s boundless creativity across eras and cultures. They inspire admiration not only for their physical grandeur but also for their stories that transcend time. These marvels invite us to explore history while appreciating contemporary achievements that continue to shape our world.

Family Footprints: An Unforgettable Italian Adventure – Part 3

View from the train on the way to Florence

Early the next day, we checked out of our Airbnb and made our way to the Roma Termini station for our Frecciarossa train to Florence. We had booked business class tickets, and other than two other people in the carriage, we had the carriage to ourselves. We reached Florence around 10:30 am and took a taxi to our next Airbnb. Our Florence host had graciously allowed us to leave our luggage in the Airbnb while it was being cleaned. So after dropping our luggage, we started our short Florence trip. We walked to the Duomo, and I had a jaw-dropping moment there. It dominates the landscape and made me think of St. Paul’s Cathedral in London.

The Duomo

Construction of Florence’s Duomo complex began in 1296 under Arnolfo di Cambio; Filippo Brunelleschi crowned it with his revolutionary double-shell dome in 1436, still the world’s largest in masonry at 43 m wide. We did not go inside and climb the dome, but the next time, I will climb all 463 steps in Brunelleschi’s Dome and brush past Vasari’s Last Judgment fresco before stepping onto a 91 m-high lantern terrace for city-wide views. One can also climb the 414 steps up Giotto’s Campanile for a front-row view of the dome’s herringbone brickwork. At the Museo dell’Opera del Duomo, one can stand inches from Ghiberti’s original Gates of Paradise and Michelangelo’s Pietà Bandini before they return outdoors.

Piazza della Signoria, Time Unfolding

After lunch in the shadow of Brunelleschi’s Dome, we walked to Piazza della Signoria, which has anchored Florentine civic life since 1330. Its irregular “w-shaped” stones still front the crenellated Palazzo Vecchio, the seat of government from the medieval Republic to today’s city council. Under the tower’s shadow, the square doubles as an open-air sculpture gallery. A copy of Michelangelo’s David guards the palace door; the neighbouring Loggia dei Lanzi frames masterpieces from Cellini’s Perseus to Giambologna’s Sabine Women. Ammannati’s marble-and-bronze Fountain of Neptune returned to full sparkle in 2019 after a €1.5 million Ferragamo-funded overhaul that replaced long-silent pumps and cleaned centuries of grime. I loved the sculpture of the young woman holding a smartphone. Apparently, it is a four-metre contemporary bronze by Thomas J. Price called Time Unfolding, which will remain until 14 September 2025. Beyond statuary, one can climb the Arnolfo Tower for 360° city views or follow the freshly reopened Vasari Corridor from Palazzo Vecchio toward the Uffizi and Ponte Vecchio, walking the same secret Medici passage first built in 1565.

While we were relaxing amidst the statues, we were told our Airbnb was ready for us. So we quickly gathered our things and checked in. After resting for a while, we decided to head out, this time just walking and taking in Florence. We split up initially and then met up and did some shopping before heading out for dinner. After dinner, it was time for some gelato and then bed before our Tuscan road trip the next day.

The beautiful Tuscan countryside

We woke up early, and two of us went out to get the car we had reserved. Here is where we hit the first of the many snags of the day. Our plan was to be out of Florence by 8:30 am, but when we reached the car rental place by 8 am, it was still shut, and there was a queue of about 10ish people ahead of us. By the time we collected the car, it was almost 10 am, and our ticket at Pisa was for 10:30 am. The distance between Florence and Pisa is between 60 and 90 minutes, and so we were late even before we started the drive.

Leaning Tower of Pisa

The Leaning Tower of Pisa looms improbably over the Campo dei Miracoli, tilting 3.97° off-plumb because the alluvial clay beneath its foundations started to give way soon after work began in 1173; the bell tower was finally completed in 1372. A decade-long engineering rescue from 1990 to 2001 removed 70 tonnes of soil, nudged the structure upright by 45 cm, and reopened it to visitors; a web of fibre-optic sensors now feeds live data to engineers who forecast at least 200 years of stability. Climbing the 251 spiral steps is a disorienting thrill; the gradient alternately steepens and eases as the tilt shifts underfoot before one steps onto the belfry terrace for wide-angle views of Tuscany and a close-up of the seven medieval bells. Back on the lawn, look for the delicate reliefs at ground level and indulge in the obligatory “holding-up-the-tower” photo.

We reached Pisa and the Leaning Tower around noon, and after parking the rented car close to the complex, we walked over. We tried going inside but were not allowed and were told to purchase new tickets. Since we were getting late, we left the Leaning Tower complex and had a quick meal before making our way to the next stop on our itinerary.

The beautiful Tuscan countryside

Perched on a ridge of Tuscan vineyards, San Gimignano still thrusts 14 medieval tower-houses skyward, remnants of more than 70 that once broadcast family pride and rivalries. Their unmistakable skyline, intact walls, and 14th-century fresco cycles earned the town UNESCO World Heritage status in 1990. At the Piazza del Duomo, you begin at the Torre Grossa, where one can climb 218 wooden steps for sweeping views of the Apuan Alps and Siena’s dome. Inside the adjoining Palazzo Comunale, Benozzo Gozzoli’s pastoral frescoes frame a camera-ready civic courtyard. Steps away, the Romanesque Collegiata cathedral dazzles with a near-complete Old and New Testament cycle by the 14th-century Sienese school. But we didn’t make it into the town. By the time we reached the town’s car park, we realised we had to leave if we were to make it to our wine tasting session at the Castello di Brolio on time. Reluctantly, we left and took the route passing through Siena, which we wanted to come back to.

Castello di Brolio

Driving through the Tuscan countryside is amazing! We took the long route and stopped frequently to take in the views and photos. And we finally made it to the Castello di Brolio just in time for the wine tasting session. Castello di Brolio has belonged to the Ricasoli family since 1141, making it Italy’s oldest continuously run wine estate. The brick-red battlements you see today are a 19th-century neo-Gothic rebuild commissioned by Baron Bettino Ricasoli, the statesman who also penned the original Chianti Classico formula. We circled the ramparts for postcard vistas that sweep across 240 hectares of vineyards to Siena and distant Monte Amiata, then wandered Renaissance box gardens and the family chapel. We had the Classic wine tasting with three wines, and after the session, some of my sisters brought bottles of wine to take home. I am not a drinker, but even I loved the wines we tasted.

After the wine tasting, it was time for dinner. As I mentioned, some of my sisters are big foodies, and one of them found a Michelin-starred vegetarian restaurant in Siena, so we decided to go there because they were not picking up the phone to make a reservation. Another sister wanted to visit Siena, so this worked for everyone.

Siena

We reached Siena around 7 pm. Set atop three converging ridges in southern Tuscany, Siena preserves one of Europe’s purest Gothic cityscapes; UNESCO inscribed the entire historic centre in 1995 for the way its 13th- and 14th-century street plan and ochre-brick facades survive almost intact. The fan-shaped Piazza del Campo is still the civic stage: twice a year it morphs into the thundering Palio horse race. Just above the square, the zebra-striped Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta dazzles. Climb the 102-m Torre del Mangia for vineyard-striped horizons.

The restaurant was completely booked, and they turned us away. So we frantically googled alternatives. And then it started raining. We went back to the car park and tried alternatives. But it was decided unanimously that we would walk to Piazza del Campo for dinner. The streets of this part of Siena are extremely hilly and winding. But after walking to the Piazza, the views were worth it. We had dinner at one of the restaurants in the Piazza before making our way back to the car park and then the drive back to Florence.

Piazza del Campo

Piazza del Campo is the red-brick heart of Siena. Its distinctive shell unfurls in nine cream-travertine wedges, a permanent tribute to the “Nine” oligarchs who guided the city’s 14th-century heyday, and a key reason UNESCO protected the entire historic centre in 1995. On the square’s lower rim rises the Palazzo Pubblico with its soaring Torre del Mangia. While the belfry’s 400-step climb rewards you with views over Chianti hills, the palace itself offers a rarer thrill: scaffold-level tours of Ambrogio Lorenzetti’s Allegory of Good and Bad Government frescoes. Opposite, Jacopo della Quercia’s marble Fonte Gaia gleams again after a laser cleaning completed in February 2024; its wolves and Genesis reliefs now sparkle against the Sienese brick.

We left Siena around 10 pm for the 1-hour-plus drive back to Florence. I had a headache because of the rain, and so I pretty much slept the drive. I think in the entire trip, this road trip would stand out as a highlight because of all the fun we had. We stored the car in a local garage to be returned the next day.

David at the Galleria dell’Accademia

The next day was our last in Florence, and we had tickets to see David at the Academia. Our original plan was to take a 2 pm train to Venice, but because we wanted to spend more time in the city, we moved our ticket to about 6 pm. Our slot to the Academia was at noon, so after a good breakfast, a couple of us went to return the car while the rest of us worked on clearing the house and getting ready to leave. Our host very graciously offered to let us keep our luggage at a restaurant they co-owned close by, so after checking out and leaving the luggage, we walked to the Academia. We had to wait in a queue for about 15-20 minutes before we could enter.

The Galleria dell’Accademia was founded in 1784 as a teaching museum; today its seven rooms orbit Michelangelo’s David: the five-metre marble hero carved 1501-1504 and installed here in 1873 to shield him from the elements. Every two months, restorers vacuum dust from his curls and scan for micro-cracks, a ritual that keeps the icon in “remarkable health” despite drawing more than two million visitors a year.

Sculpture of Stitch at the Galleria dell’Accademia

The Hall of the Prisoners, where four unfinished slaves wrestle with their marble bonds, comes first before a long hallway with David at the very end. It was not very crowded, and we could walk around the statue, taking in the sculpture’s beauty. Then we walked into the Hall of the Colossus to see Giambologna’s life-size plaster for The Rape of the Sabines flanked by early-Renaissance altarpieces. The luminous Gipsoteca Bartolini showcases 19th-century plaster casts under skylights restored in 2021, while the adjoining Museum of Musical Instruments, home to a Stradivari “Medici” violin and one of Cristofori’s earliest pianos, was amazing. Towards the exit, unexpectedly, I came across a sculpture of Stitch from the film, Lilo and Stitch, draped in a toga. The project is a three-way partnership between Disney Italy, the Italian Ministry of Culture and the museum, timed to promote the live-action Lilo & Stitch remake and to pull new, younger audiences into Florence’s most visited art space. I enjoyed this ode to modern art amidst all the classical and Renaissance art and sculptures.

After visiting the Academia, we decided to have Indian for lunch and walked to one about 10 minutes away. After lunch, we each wandered away, to do our own thing before agreeing to meet at the place where we had stored our luggage around 4 pm. Then it was time to go back to the station to catch another high-speed train to the last stop of our holiday.

Our last stop, Venice, comes up next, along with lessons learned and some tips.