Tag Archives: India

In My Hands Today…

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Age of Anger: A History of the Present – Pankaj Mishra

Modernity, secularism, development, and progress have long been viewed by the powerful few as benign ideals for the many. Today, however, botched experiments in nation-building, democracy, industrialization, and urbanization visibly scar much of the world.

As once happened in Europe, the wider embrace of revolutionary politics, mass movements, technology, the pursuit of wealth, and individualism has cast billions adrift in a literally demoralized world.

It was from among the ranks of the disaffected and the spiritually disorientated, that the militants of the nineteenth century arose—angry young men who became cultural nationalists in Germany, messianic revolutionaries in Russia, bellicose chauvinists in Italy, and anarchist terrorists internationally.

Many more people today, unable to fulfill the promises—freedom, stability, and prosperity—of a globalized economy, are increasingly susceptible to demagogues and their simplifications. A common reaction among them is intense hatred of supposed villains, the invention of enemies, attempts to recapture a lost golden age, unfocused fury and self-empowerment through spectacular violence.

In Age of Anger, Pankaj Mishra explores the origins of the great wave of paranoid hatreds that seem inescapable in our close-knit world—from American “shooters” and ISIS to Trump, Modi, and racism and misogyny on social media.

In My Hands Today…

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Bombay after Ayodhya : A City in Flux – Jitendra Dixit

The demolition of the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya on 6 December 1992 was followed by riots across India. Mumbai had always been susceptible to communal violence, but the violence in December 1992 and then again in January 1993 was unprecedented. Two months later, in March, serial blasts rocked the city, killing over 250 and injuring 700. Communal strife was followed by gang wars and natural calamities, all of which changed the city forever.

Bombay after Ayodhya chronicles how the past three decades have been a period of unprecedented flux in Mumbai. In the aftermath of the riots, a split in the Mumbai underworld led to new equations in politics, which changed the demography of the city and led to the rise of new townships. After a brief lull, blasts and terrorist attacks rocked it once more in 2002, a cycle of violence that culminated in the horrific 26/11 attacks in 2008.

Jitendra Dixit grew up in Mumbai and has reported from the city for much of the three decades he writes about in this book. This is a deeply felt biography of a city, which has transformed from a city of mills to one of malls, where the number of skyscrapers has multiplied along with their height, where local trains have become longer and yet remained overcrowded. It is the city of Bollywood, yet constraints of producing films in the city have led filmmakers to move out. Its iconic festivals, such as Ganesh Utsav and Govinda, once primarily celebrated by the poor and the middle class, have become commercialized. Along with key events and people that have shaped the evolution of present-day Mumbai, Bombay after Ayodhya also documents the change in the city’s character, from its physical appearance and civic issues, to real estate and politics.

The Uniqueness of India’s Geography

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India, a country of over 1.3 billion people, is a land of incredible diversity, and its geography is no exception. From the snow-capped Himalayas to the sun-kissed beaches of the Indian Ocean, India’s geography is a testament to the country’s rich cultural and natural heritage. To celebrate India’s 77th Independence Day, here is something about this incredible diversity:

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The Himalayas: The Roof of the World
The world’s highest mountain range, the Himalayas, stretches across India’s northern border, covering over 2,500 kilometres. They are home to nine of the world’s highest peaks, including Mount Everest, the highest peak on Earth. The Himalayas are not only a natural wonder but also play a crucial role in India’s climate and ecosystem. They act as a barrier, blocking the cold winds from Central Asia and keeping India’s climate relatively mild.

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The Indo-Gangetic Plain: The Breadbasket of India
Stretching from the Himalayas to the Deccan Plateau, the Indo-Gangetic Plain, is one of the most fertile regions in the world. This plain is home to some of India’s most populous cities, including Delhi, Kolkata, and Lucknow. The Indo-Gangetic Plain is also the breadbasket of India, with the Ganges River and its tributaries providing water for irrigation and supporting agriculture.

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The Deccan Plateau: A Land of Volcanic Origin
Covering 40% of India’s landmass, the Deccan Plateau is a region of volcanic origin. The plateau is triangular in shape and is characterised by its unique landscape of volcanic rocks, hills, and valleys. Located in the southern part of India, the Deccan Plateau is home to some of India’s most important cities, including Mumbai, Pune, and Hyderabad.

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The Eastern and Western Ghats: The Spine of India
The Eastern and Western Ghats, two mountain ranges running parallel to the Deccan Plateau, are known for their unique biodiversity and geographical features. The Ghats are home to a wide range of flora and fauna, including many endangered species. The Ghats also play a crucial role in India’s climate, with the Western Ghats being responsible for the heavy rainfall in the region.

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The Indian Ocean: A Vital Waterway
The Indian Ocean, which borders India to the south, is a vital waterway that connects India to the rest of the world. The Indian Ocean is home to many important ports, including Mumbai, Chennai, and Kochi. The ocean also plays a crucial role in India’s climate, with the monsoon winds bringing much-needed rainfall to the region.

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The Thar Desert: A Harsh but Beautiful Landscape
Covering 10% of India’s landmass, the Thar Desert, also known as the Great Indian Desert, is one of the harshest environments in the world. The desert is characterised by its extreme temperatures, limited vegetation, and scarce water resources. Despite its harsh conditions, the Thar Desert is also home to a unique and diverse range of flora and fauna.

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Coastlines: Long and Covering Two Seas and an Ocean
India has a long coastline that stretches over 7,500 kilometres, with the Arabian Sea to the west, the Bay of Bengal to the east, and the Indian Ocean to the south.

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The Islands of India: A Treasure Trove of Biodiversity
India’s islands, including the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the Lakshadweep Islands, and the Diu and Daman Islands, are a treasure trove of biodiversity. These islands are home to a wide range of unique and endemic species, including the Andamanese and Nicobarese tribes. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are a group of islands in the Bay of Bengal, known for their unique flora and fauna, and their strategic location near the Malacca Strait.

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The Rivers of India: The Lifeblood of the Nation
India’s rivers, including the Ganges, the Brahmaputra, and the Indus, are the lifeblood of the nation. These rivers provide water for irrigation, support agriculture, and are a source of hydroelectric power. The rivers also play a crucial role in India’s culture and spirituality, with many rivers being considered sacred. The Brahmaputra River is one of the longest rivers in the world, flowing through India, China, and Bangladesh, and is known for its unique geological features and biodiversity.

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Wetlands: Diverse Ecolands
India has several wetlands, including the Sundarbans, the Vembanad-Kol Wetland, and the Chilka Lake. These wetlands are home to a wide range of flora and fauna and play a crucial role in maintaining the country’s ecosystem. The Sundarbans is the world’s largest mangrove forest, located in the Ganges Delta, and home to the Bengal tiger and other endangered species.

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Roads: The Lifeline of the Country
India’s road network is the second largest in the world, spanning approximately 667 thousand kilometres. This extensive network includes national highways, state highways, district roads, and rural roads, ensuring connectivity across various regions of the country.

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The Climate of India: A Region of Contrasts
India’s climate is a region of contrasts, with the country experiencing a wide range of temperatures, rainfall, and weather patterns. The climate varies from the tropical south to the temperate north, with the Himalayas acting as a barrier to the cold winds from Central Asia.

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Geological Features
India’s geological features are diverse, with rocks from the Precambrian era to the present day. The country is home to several unique geological formations, including the Deccan Traps and the Himalayan mountain range. Mawsynram in Meghalaya is the wettest place on Earth, with an average annual rainfall of 11,873 millimetres. India has the world’s only floating post office on Dal Lake in Srinagar, which includes a philately museum.

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India’s geography is a unique and fascinating topic that showcases the country’s incredible diversity and natural beauty. From the snow-capped Himalayas to the sun-kissed beaches of the Indian Ocean, India’s geography is a testament to the country’s rich cultural and natural heritage.

Festivals of India: Tulsidas Jayanti

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India’s rich cultural tapestry is woven with a myriad of festivals, each one a vibrant celebration of the country’s diverse heritage, traditions, and spiritual beliefs. Tulsidas Jayanti, honouring the life and legacy of Goswami Tulsidas, a revered saint-poet whose literary masterpiece, the Ramcharitmanas, has profoundly influenced the spiritual and cultural fabric of India, is celebrated annually and in 2024 it was celebrated yesterday, August 11.

The origins of Tulsidas Jayanti can be traced back to the life and times of Goswami Tulsidas. Born in the 16th century, Tulsidas was a Ramanandi Vaishnava saint and poet whose unwavering devotion to Lord Rama inspired him to compose the epic Ramcharitmanas, a retelling of the Sanskrit Ramayana in the vernacular Awadhi language.

Tulsidas’ birth anniversary was first celebrated by his disciples and followers, who recognised the profound impact of his literary and spiritual contributions. As the years passed, the observance of Tulsidas Jayanti gained momentum, spreading across various regions of India, particularly in the northern states, where his influence was most profound.

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Today, Tulsidas Jayanti is celebrated annually on the Saptami or the seventh day of the Shukla Paksha or the waxing phase of the moon in the Hindu month of Shravan, which typically falls in July or August according to the Gregorian calendar.

While Tulsidas Jayanti is observed across India, it holds particular significance in the northern states, where Tulsidas’ life and works have left an indelible mark. Tulsidas’ birthplace, Rajapur, located in the Chitrakoot district of Uttar Pradesh, is a major hub for Tulsidas Jayanti celebrations. Devotees from across the state and beyond flock to this sacred town to pay homage to the saint-poet.  The state of Madhya Pradesh, particularly the cities of Chitrakoot and Orchha, where Tulsidas spent a significant part of his life, witnesses grand celebrations during Tulsidas Jayanti. Bihar, known for its rich cultural heritage and literary traditions, embraces Tulsidas Jayanti with great fervour, as Tulsidas’ works have had a profound influence on the region’s spiritual and literary landscape. Rajasthan, which has a deep-rooted devotion to Lord Rama, celebrates Tulsidas Jayanti with enthusiasm, honouring the saint-poet who brought the Ramayana to the masses through his poetic masterpiece. Beyond these states, Tulsidas Jayanti is celebrated in various parts of India, including Gujarat, Maharashtra, and other regions where Tulsidas’ teachings and literary works have found resonance.

The celebration of Tulsidas Jayanti is a joyous occasion filled with rituals and traditions that honour the life and teachings of Goswami Tulsidas. One of the most significant aspects of Tulsidas Jayanti is the recitation of Ramcharitmanas, Tulsidas’ magnum opus. Devotees gather in temples, community centres, and homes to collectively recite verses from this epic, immersing themselves in the divine narrative of Lord Rama’s life and teachings. Devotional songs, known as bhajans and kirtans, are an integral part of the Tulsidas Jayanti celebrations. These melodious compositions, often based on verses from Ramcharitmanas, are sung, filling the air with devotional melodies and praises to Lord Rama and Tulsidas. Scholars, spiritual leaders, and literary enthusiasts organise discourses and seminars to delve into the life, works, and teachings of Tulsidas. These intellectual gatherings provide a platform for discussions, debates, and the dissemination of knowledge about Tulsidas’ literary and spiritual contributions. Tulsidas Jayanti is also celebrated through various cultural performances, such as plays, dance dramas, and musical renditions. These artistic expressions bring to life the stories and teachings from Ramcharitmanas, captivating audiences and instilling a deeper appreciation for Tulsidas’ literary genius. In keeping with the spirit of Tulsidas’ teachings, many devotees engage in charitable acts and community service during the festival. This may include distributing food and essentials to the needy, organising blood donation camps, or participating in environmental conservation efforts.

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The life and works of Goswami Tulsidas are steeped in myths, legends, and fascinating stories that have been passed down through generations. These tales not only add to the mystique surrounding Tulsidas but also serve as a source of inspiration and guidance for devotees. One of the best-known stories about Tulsidas is his unwavering devotion to Lord Rama. It is said that Tulsidas was so devoted to Rama that he would not even utter the name of any other deity. This deep reverence for Lord Rama is believed to have been the driving force behind his literary masterpiece, Ramcharitmanas. According to legend, Tulsidas had a profound connection with Lord Hanuman, the ardent devotee of Lord Rama. It is said that Lord Hanuman himself appeared before Tulsidas and guided him on his spiritual journey, inspiring him to compose the Ramcharitmanas and spread the teachings of Lord Rama to the masses. One of the most captivating tales surrounding Tulsidas is his encounter with Lord Rama himself. It is believed that during his pilgrimage to Chitrakoot, Tulsidas had a divine vision of Lord Rama and his brother Lakshmana, which further deepened his devotion and inspired him to complete his literary masterpiece.

According to popular belief, Tulsidas was afflicted with a severe illness that left him bedridden. It is said that he was miraculously healed after reciting a verse from Ramcharitmanas, which he had composed during his illness. This legend further solidifies the belief in the divine power of Tulsidas’ literary work and his unwavering faith in Lord Rama. Another fascinating tale associated with Tulsidas is the story of his transformation from a worldly man to a devoted saint. It is said that Tulsidas initially led a worldly life, but a chance encounter with a spiritual mentor and a series of life-changing events led him to renounce the material world and dedicate his life to the pursuit of spiritual enlightenment and the service of Lord Rama.

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Tulsidas Jayanti is a celebration that transcends religious boundaries, resonating with people from all walks of life who seek solace in the timeless wisdom and literary brilliance of Goswami Tulsidas. As we commemorate this auspicious occasion, we are reminded of the enduring power of faith, the transformative impact of literature, and the profound influence that one individual can have on shaping the cultural and spiritual fabric of a nation.

Through the recitation of Ramcharitmanas, the singing of devotional songs, and the retelling of myths and stories, we not only honor the life and legacy of Tulsidas but also keep alive the eternal teachings of Lord Rama, which have guided generations of devotees on the path of righteousness, compassion, and spiritual enlightenment.

Festivals of India: Hemis Tsechu

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Ladakh, a mesmerising region nestled in the Indian Himalayas, is renowned for its breathtaking landscapes and its vibrant cultural heritage. Among the various festivals celebrated in Ladakh, Hemis Tsechu holds a significant place. The annual two-day festival is a symbol of the region’s deep-rooted Buddhist traditions. The festival commemorates the birth anniversary of Guru Padmasambhava, a revered Buddhist master, credited with spreading Tantric Buddhism in the region in the 8th century.

Hemis Tsechu is an annual festival celebrated at the Hemis Monastery, one of the most significant monastic establishments in Ladakh. The festival honours the birth anniversary of Guru Padmasambhava, also known as Guru Rinpoche and the Second Buddha, the founder of Tibetan Buddhism. Guru Padmasambhava is revered for his teachings and his role in spreading Buddhism across the Himalayan region. Hemis Monastery, situated in the Hemis village, becomes the focal point of the festivities during this occasion. The festival is observed by the Drukpa lineage of Tibetan Buddhism, which is a sub-sect of the ancient Kagyu order. For the Drukpa order, Padmasambhava is considered an incarnation of the Buddha himself, and his birthday is celebrated annually with great reverence and devotion.

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The Hemis Gompa or monastery, is the venue of the festival. The gompa is one of the largest and wealthiest Buddhist monasteries in Ladakh. Nestled in the picturesque Zanskar Range, the Hemis Monastery was founded in the 17th century under the patronage of King Sengge Namgyal and has since been a prominent centre of Buddhist learning and spirituality. The festival takes place in the vast courtyard of the monastery, where the sacred rituals and performances unfold against the backdrop of the majestic Himalayas. The monastery’s intricate architecture, adorned with vibrant murals and statues, creates an awe-inspiring atmosphere for the celebrations.

Hemis Tsechu is a two-day extravaganza filled with sacred rituals, mesmerising dances, and vibrant cultural displays. The festivities typically commence on the 10th day of the fifth month of the Tibetan calendar, which usually falls in June or July according to the Gregorian calendar. Preparations for Hemis Tsechu begin well in advance. The monastery is meticulously cleaned and adorned with colourful decorations, intricate Thangka paintings, and elaborate murals. The festival attracts devotees from far and wide, who arrive dressed in their finest traditional attire. The main highlight of the festival is the Cham Dance, a masked dance performed by the lamas or monks, of the monastery.

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The Cham Dance is the heart and soul of Hemis Tsechu. Also known as the Masked Dance, the dance is performed by skilled monks adorned in elaborate costumes and intricate masks and depicts the victory of good over evil through a series of symbolic movements and gestures. The dancers represent various manifestations of Guru Padmasambhava, each with its unique mask and costume. The dances are accompanied by the rhythmic beats of drums, cymbals, and long horns, creating a hypnotic and mesmerising atmosphere. The dance not only entertains the audience but also serves as a medium of spiritual enlightenment and blessings.

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Another significant ritual during the Hemis Tsechu is the unfurling of a massive silk thangka, a Buddhist religious scroll painting, depicting Guru Padmasambhava. This sacred ritual occurs every 12 years on the Tibetan calendar’s Monkey Year and is highly anticipated. Thangkas, considered a sacred art, depict various Buddhist deities, mandalas, and spiritual symbols. The unveiling of the Thangka is a solemn and awe-inspiring ceremony, with monks chanting sacred mantras and offering prayers as the intricate artwork is slowly revealed to the public. The thangka’s vibrant colours and intricate details are believed to bestow blessings upon those who witness it.

Throughout the two-day festival, monks from the monastery perform various rituals and ceremonies. These include prayer recitations, offerings to deities, and the destruction of a symbolic effigy representing evil forces. These rituals are believed to bring prosperity, happiness, and spiritual well-being to all those in attendance. The festival also features traditional Ladakhi music and dance performances, adding to the vibrant cultural tapestry of the celebrations.

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The Hemis Tsechu festival stands out for its unique blend of ancient Buddhist traditions, vibrant cultural expressions, and the breathtaking natural setting of Ladakh. The festival holds deep spiritual significance for the Buddhist community, as it celebrates the life and teachings of Guru Padmasambhava, a revered figure who played a pivotal role in spreading Buddhism in the Himalayas. The Cham Dance, with its intricate masks and costumes, is unique to the festival. The dancers’ movements and gestures are steeped in symbolism, depicting the triumph of good over evil and the various manifestations of Guru Padmasambhava. The ceremonial unfurling of the massive silk thangka depicting Guru Padmasambhava is a rare and awe-inspiring event that occurs only once every 12 years, making it a truly unique experience for visitors. Hemis Tsechu offers a profound opportunity for cultural immersion, allowing visitors to experience the rich traditions, music, dance, and cuisine of the Ladakhi people against the backdrop of the majestic Himalayas. The festival’s location in the remote and isolated region of Ladakh adds to its mystique and allure, providing visitors with a chance to escape the hustle and bustle of modern life and immerse themselves in the serene and spiritual atmosphere of the Himalayas.

Hemis Tsechu offers a glimpse into the vibrant Ladakhi culture. The festival provides a platform for local artisans, craftsmen, and traders to showcase their traditional handicrafts, jewellery, and textiles. Visitors can explore the bustling market stalls and immerse themselves in the rich tapestry of Ladakhi artistry. Moreover, the festival provides an opportunity to savour the delicious traditional Ladakhi cuisine, including momos or dumplings, thukpa or noodle soup, and butter tea. The festival is a captivating celebration that seamlessly blends ancient Buddhist traditions with the vibrant cultural heritage of Ladakh. It offers a unique opportunity to witness the spiritual and artistic expressions of a region steeped in history and mysticism, making it a truly unforgettable experience for visitors from around the world.