Hinglaj Mata Temple, Balochistan, Pakistan
The ancient shrine of the Hinglaj Mata Temple is located in the remote Makran coast of Pakistan’s Balochistan province and is dedicated to Goddess Hinglaj, also known as Hingula Devi or Nani Mandir.

Located inside the Hingol National Park, the cave temple is in a narrow gorge in the remote, hilly area, at the end of a range of Kirthar Mountains, in the Makran desert stretch, on the west bank of the Hingol River. The origins of the Hinglaj Mata Temple stretch back into antiquity, with its spiritual significance predating its current structure. Archaeological evidence and ancient texts suggest that this location has been a place of worship for over two millennia. The temple’s importance is mentioned in several ancient Hindu texts, including the Kularnava Tantra and the Kubjika Tantra, which list Hingula among the most significant Shakti Peethas. The natural cave that houses the shrine is believed to be millions of years old, with some sources claiming it to be 3.2 million years old.

The Hinglaj Mata Temple holds a unique position among the 51 Shakti Peethas scattered across the Indian subcontinent. It is considered one of the most important, if not the most important, of all Shakti Peethas. This elevated status stems from the belief that it is the site where the head of Goddess Sati fell. In some traditions, it is associated with the goddess’s brain or Brahmadreya, her vital essence. It is one of the two Shaktipeeths located in Pakistan, the other being the Sharada Peeth.

Several features distinguish the Hinglaj Mata Temple from other shrines. Unlike many elaborate Hindu temples, the Hinglaj shrine is housed in a simple natural cave. This simplicity is its defining feature, with the sacred stone inside the cave being worshipped as the manifestation of the goddess. There is no man-made image of the goddess in the temple. Instead, devotees worship the divine form of Hinglaj Mata in its natural state. The temple’s remote location in the mountainous terrain of Balochistan makes the journey to it an integral part of the pilgrimage experience. Despite being in a predominantly Muslim country, the temple has been protected and maintained by the local Baloch Muslim community for centuries, making it a symbol of interfaith harmony. Hinglaj Mata is worshipped as the Kuldevi or the family deity by many Hindu communities, including certain Kshatriya, Bhavsar, Barot, and Rao families in India.

The annual Hinglaj Yatra, also known as Theerth Yatra, is the largest Hindu pilgrimage in Pakistan. This four-day festival typically takes place in April, coinciding with the Chaitra Navaratri festival. Devotees undertake an arduous journey through the desert to reach the temple, symbolising their devotion and commitment. They climb the Chandragup and Khandewari mud volcanoes as part of their spiritual journey and throw coconuts into the craters to make wishes and thank the gods. Before approaching the shrine, pilgrims take a ritual bath in the sacred Hingol River. The primary offering to the deity consists of three coconuts, though other items like rose petals are also used. On the third day of the festival, priests recite mantras to invoke the gods and bless the pilgrims.

The temple follows a schedule of daily worship rituals performed by dedicated priests. Given its historical association with Tantric traditions, the temple continues to be an important centre for certain Tantric rituals. Disciples use broken pieces of earth and stones to build small symbolic houses as part of their devotional practices. Traditionally, devotees are expected to complete the pilgrimage barefoot as a form of penance, though many now use vehicles for the journey.

Over the last three decades, the temple has become a unifying point of reference for Pakistan’s diverse Hindu communities with the temple and its associated pilgrimage playing a crucial role in preserving Hindu cultural practices in Pakistan. The protection and maintenance of the temple by local Muslims serve as a powerful symbol of religious tolerance and coexistence.

The remote location and difficult terrain pose challenges for pilgrims, especially the elderly or differently-abled. The temple’s location within a national park necessitates careful management to balance religious practices with environmental conservation.

In recent years, there have been positive developments regarding the temple’s accessibility and recognition. The construction of the Makran Coastal Highway has made the temple more accessible to pilgrims.

Sharada Peetha, Neelum Valley, Pakistan
Located in Neelum Valley in Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir, the Sharada Peeth is one of the most sacred and historically significant Hindu shrines in the Indian subcontinent. This ancient temple is believed to be the site where the right hand of Goddess Sati fell. The temple is dedicated to Goddess Sharada, a form of Goddess Saraswati, and Lord Kapali Bhairava, a manifestation of Lord Shiva. Nestled at an altitude of 6,499 feet above sea level along the Neelum River, Sharada Peeth was not only a place of worship but also a renowned centre of learning that attracted scholars from across the world.

The temple’s name derives from Goddess Sharada, who is regarded as an incarnation of Goddess Saraswati — the goddess of wisdom, learning, and knowledge. The term Sharada also means stream or flow, symbolising the confluence of rivers near the temple. Historically, Sharada Peeth served as a prestigious university and library between the 6th and 12th centuries. It was renowned for its contributions to philosophy, theology, mathematics, linguistics, and Kashmir Shaivism. Scholars from regions as far as Greece, Mesopotamia, Tibet, and China travelled here to study its vast collection of manuscripts.

The temple’s history is intertwined with various rulers. It flourished under the Hindu Shahi dynasty and later received patronage during Dogra rule when Maharaja Gulab Singh repaired it in the 19th century. However, following political turmoil during Partition in 1947–48 and subsequent wars between India and Pakistan, the temple fell into disuse.

During its peak between the 6th and 12th centuries, Sharada Peeth was one of the most prominent centres for education in South Asia. It housed thousands of manuscripts on diverse subjects like theology, mathematics, linguistics, and philosophy. The Sharada script used extensively in Kashmir derived its name from this institution. The temple is situated near the confluence of three streams: Madhumati, now Neelum River, Kishenganga River, and the mythical Saraswati River. Bathing at this confluence was considered purifying for pilgrims.

The temple complex includes a roofless structure surrounded by stone walls. While much of it lies in ruins today due to natural disasters and neglect over centuries, remnants indicate its once-majestic design. Stone slabs lead to a vast courtyard that once hosted scholars who meditated or studied under open skies. For Kashmiri Pandits, Sharada Peeth is one of their holiest sites alongside the Amarnath Temple and Martand Sun Temple. Many Kashmiri Pandit theologians would place their manuscripts before Maa Sharada’s idol to seek her blessings. Mount Harmukh nearby is considered an abode of Lord Shiva by Kashmiri Pandits.

While active worship ceased after Partition in 1947–48 due to migration and political tensions, historical accounts provide insights into rituals once conducted at Sharada Peeth. Kashmiri Pandit theologians would place their manuscripts on covered platters before Maa Sharada’s idol to seek her approval. If pages remained undisturbed overnight, it was seen as divine acceptance; if ruffled or displaced, it indicated disapproval. An annual fair was held at Shardi village near the temple during springtime when pilgrims traveled from across Kashmir to worship Maa Sharada. Devotees bathed at the confluence of rivers before offering prayers.

As part of Kashmir Shaivism traditions, Tantric rituals were performed at Sharada Peeth to invoke Goddess Sharada’s blessings for wisdom and spiritual enlightenment. Devotees offered flowers, especially lotus, fruits, incense sticks, rice, and ghee during pujas dedicated to the goddess.

According to legend, Goddess Saraswati or Sharada chose this site as her earthly abode because it offered serenity conducive to learning. She blessed scholars who traveled here with wisdom and insight. Kashmiri Pandits believe that their pilgrimage to Sharada parallels Sage Shandilya’s journey to attain divine knowledge from Maa Saraswati herself. Local lore suggests that attempts by invaders or rulers to move Maa Sharada’s idol failed due to divine intervention. It is believed that any disturbance caused natural calamities like earthquakes or floods in the region.

An alternative account holds that Shandilya prayed to the goddess Sharada with great devotion, and was rewarded when she appeared to him and promised to show him her real, divine form. She advised him to look for the Sharada forest, and his journey was filled with miraculous experiences. On his way, he had a vision of the god Ganesha on the eastern side of a hill. When he reached the Neelum river, he bathed in it and saw half his body turn golden. Eventually, the goddess revealed herself to him in her triple form of Sharada, Saraswati and Vagdevi, and invited him to her abode. As he was preparing for a ritual, he drew water from the Mahāsindhu. Half of this water transformed into honey, and became a stream, now known as the Madhumati stream.

Today, Sharada Peeth continues to figure in South Indian Brahmin traditions. At the beginning of formal education, some sects of Brahmins ritually prostrate in the direction of Sharada Peeth. Saraswat Brahmin communities in Karnataka are also said to perform a ritual of moving seven steps towards Kashmir before retracing their steps during the Yagnopavit ceremony and include the Sharada stotram in their morning prayers.

Muktinath Temple, Thorong La Pass, Nepal
The Muktinath Temple, located in the Mustang District near the base of the Thorong La Pass, is one of the most sacred pilgrimage sites for Hindus and Buddhists alike. Known as a Mukti Kshetra or a place of liberation, this temple is revered as one of the 51 Shakti Peethas, where parts of Goddess Sati’s body are believed to have fallen.

At Muktinath, it is said that the forehead or Mukha of Sati fell. The temple is dedicated to Maa Gandaki Chandi, a form of Goddess Shakti, and Chakrapani Bhairava, a manifestation of Lord Shiva. Nestled at an altitude of 3,710 metres or 12,172 feet in the Himalayas, this sacred site blends natural beauty with profound spiritual significance.

The origins of Muktinath Temple are steeped in Hindu and Buddhist traditions. While its exact history is uncertain, records trace its existence back to the 1st century AD, making it one of the oldest religious sites in Nepal. The temple has been mentioned in various ancient scriptures and epics, including the Devi Bhagavata Purana and Skanda Purana. The great Indian philosopher Adi Shankaracharya is believed to have visited Muktinath in the 8th century and established it as an important pilgrimage site for Hindus. Over centuries, local rulers and devotees contributed to its preservation and prominence.

For Hindus, Muktinath is one of the eight Svayam Vyakta Kshetras or self-manifested shrines dedicated to Lord Vishnu and one of the 108 Divya Desams revered by Vaishnavites. For Buddhists, it is known as Chumig Gyatsa or a Hundred Waters and is considered a tantric site associated with Avalokitesvara or the Buddha. This dual religious significance makes Muktinath a unique symbol of harmony between two major faiths.

The central shrine houses a golden idol of Lord Vishnu in his self-manifested form, Svayam Vyakta. The idol exudes an aura of serenity and divinity. A separate shrine within the complex is dedicated to Maa Gandaki Chandi. Her presence symbolises the feminine cosmic energy that sanctifies this Shakti Peetha. Surrounding the temple are 108 bull-faced water spouts known as Mukti Dhara. Pilgrims believe that bathing under these icy streams washes away sins and grants liberation or moksha. A natural flame burns continuously near the temple over a water spring. Known as Jwala Mai, this flame symbolises Brahma, the creator and represents the eternal nature of life.

For Hindus, Muktinath represents salvation through Vishnu’s grace. For Buddhists, it is associated with Avalokitesvara or the Buddha and revered as one of their 24 tantric sites. Tibetan Buddhists believe that Muktinath houses 21 Taras or female deities and Dakinis or sky dancers, making it a sacred tantric site. Located along the Annapurna Circuit trekking route, the temple offers breathtaking views of snow-capped peaks, lush valleys, and serene landscapes.

Pilgrims take a ritualistic bath under the 108 water spouts surrounding the temple. This act symbolises purification from sins and spiritual renewal. Despite freezing temperatures, devotees believe that enduring this hardship brings them closer to liberation. Pilgrims perform circumambulation or parikrama around both the temple complex and nearby Lake Gandaki as an act of devotion. Special fire rituals or hawan are conducted near Jwala Mai during auspicious occasions. Devotees offer ghee, rice, and herbs into the sacred fire while chanting Vedic mantras.

Daily pujas are performed by priests who offer flowers, especially lotus, fruits, incense sticks, and Tulsi leaves. Morning Aarti begins at sunrise with hymns like Vishnu Sahasranama, while evening Aarti concludes with lighting oil lamps around the shrine. Maha Shivratri is celebrated with devotees observing fasts and performing night-long prayers dedicated to Chakrapani Bhairava aka Lord Shiva.

According to legend, Lord Vishnu sought refuge at Muktinath after being cursed by Sage Vrinda for deceiving her husband Jalandhar during battle. To atone for his actions, Vishnu turned into a Shaligram stone at this site until he attained liberation or moksha. The black ammonite fossils found in the Kali Gandaki River are considered sacred manifestations of Vishnu. Another legend states that Tulasi Devi’s body transformed into the Gandaki River after she cursed Vishnu for his deception. Her divine presence sanctifies both the river and Muktinath Temple. Local lore suggests that Jwala Mai represents Brahma’s creative energy that sustains life on Earth. Pilgrims believe that meditating near this flame grants wisdom and enlightenment.

Muktinath Temple offers visitors a unique spiritual experience rooted in mythology and devotion. Whether one seeks salvation or wishes to explore Nepal’s rich cultural heritage intertwined with natural beauty, visiting this ancient shrine will leave one feeling connected to the divine.

Mithila Temple, Mithila, Nepal
Believed to be where Sati’s left shoulder is said to have fallen, the Mithila Shaktipeeth is located in Janakpur in Nepal’s Mithila region. The temple is dedicated to Uma Devi, a form of Goddess Durga, and Lord Shiva is worshipped here as Lord Mahodar Bhairava.

The temple is located in Janakpur, the ancient capital of Mithila and the birthplace of Goddess Sita, the consort of Lord Rama. This connection to the Ramayana adds another layer of sanctity to the site. The temple has existed for centuries and has been mentioned in various scriptures such as the Devi Bhagavata Purana and Skanda Purana. Over time, it became an important centre for Shaktism and a significant pilgrimage destination for devotees from India and Nepal. The name Mithila is derived from King Mithi, who established this region as a kingdom during ancient times.

The main sanctum houses an idol of Maa Uma Devi made from black stone. She is depicted standing gracefully with multiple arms holding weapons, symbolising her power to protect devotees. Mahodar Bhairava’s idol is also present within the complex, signifying his role as the guardian deity. The temple features traditional Indian architecture with intricate carvings depicting scenes from Hindu mythology. Its walls are adorned with vibrant frescoes showcasing various aspects of Goddess Durga and other deities. The temple structure resembles a fort with four minaret-like towers and a grand entrance gate. Within the temple complex lies an ancient shrine known as Sona Mai Mandir, dedicated to an older form of Devi worshipped in Mithilachal, the larger Mithila region.

A sacred pond near the temple is believed to have purifying powers. Devotees often take ritualistic baths here before entering the temple premises. Janakpur’s association with Sita Devi adds another dimension to its sanctity. Many pilgrims visit both Mithila Shaktipeeth and Janaki Mandir, dedicated to Goddess Sita during their pilgrimage.

Daily pujas are performed by priests. Morning Aarti begins at sunrise with chanting of hymns like Durga Saptashati, while evening Aarti concludes with lighting oil lamps around the shrine. Navratri is celebrated twice a year with grand rituals and devotees observe fasting during these nine days to seek blessings for prosperity and protection. Durga Puja is also celebrated at Mithila Shaktipeeth with elaborate rituals conducted over nine days. The temple is adorned with flowers and lights during this festival.

An elaborate Abhishekam ritual involves bathing the idol with milk, honey, ghee, curd, and holy water while chanting Vedic mantras. Janaki Navami, celebrated in May, marks Sita Devi’s birth anniversary and attracts thousands of devotees who visit both Mithila Shaktipeeth and Janaki Mandir.

According to legend, King Janaka discovered an idol of Maa Uma Devi while plowing a field as part of a yajna ritual. This discovery marked the beginning of Devi worship in Mithila and established it as a sacred region. It is believed that the great Sanskrit poet Kalidasa received divine blessings at Mithila Shaktipeeth before composing his masterpieces such as Meghadoota and Raghuvamsha. Devotees believe that praying at Mithila Shaktipeeth cures ailments and grants peace of mind. Many pilgrims visit specifically seeking Maa Uma Devi’s intervention in resolving personal or familial issues.

The location of Mithila Shaktipeeth at Janakpur, which is the birthplace of Goddess Sita is a starting point to explore Nepal’s rich cultural heritage intertwined with Hindu mythology.

Guhyeshwari Temple, Kathmandu, Nepal
The Guhyeshwari Temple is located on the southern bank of the Bagmati River in Kathmandu. It is believed that the knees of Goddess Sati fell at this site, sanctifying it as a Shakti Peetha. The temple is dedicated to Guhyekali, a form of Goddess Shakti, and Lord Kapali Bhairava, a manifestation of Lord Shiva. Nestled amidst the vibrant Kathmandu Valley and just a kilometre away from the famous Pashupatinath Temple, Guhyeshwari Temple is both a spiritual sanctuary and an architectural marvel.

The temple’s name is derived from two Sanskrit words: Guhya which means secret or hidden, and Ishwari which means a goddess, symbolising the goddess’s mystical and esoteric nature. The temple has been a centre for Tantric practices since ancient times and is mentioned in sacred texts like the Kali Tantra, Chandi Tantra, and Shiva Tantra Rahasya. These scriptures highlight its importance as a place for attaining spiritual enlightenment through Tantric rituals.

Historically, the temple was constructed during the rule of King Shanker Dev of the Lichhavi period with assistance from Narasingha Thakur, a noted Tantric practitioner. It was later renovated in 1654 by King Pratap Malla under the guidance of Lambakarna Bhatta, another renowned Tantric scholar. The temple has since been preserved as a vital site for Hindu worship.

The central sanctum houses a sacred water jar or kalasha that represents Maa Guhyekali instead of a traditional idol. The kalasha is adorned with silver and gold coatings and rests on a stone foundation that covers an underground natural water spring. Vapours emanating from the edges of this foundation are believed to symbolise divine energy. The temple features traditional Newari architecture with a four-tiered pagoda-style roof adorned with gilded nagas or serpents that protect the finial. Intricate wood carvings and metalwork embellish the structure, reflecting Nepalese craftsmanship.

The temple is considered one of the most powerful centres for Tantric practices. It is believed that practitioners can gain mastery over esoteric knowledge and spiritual powers by performing rituals here. Located just one kilometre from the Pashupatinath Temple, Guhyeshwari is often visited by pilgrims as part of their journey to honour both Lord Shiva and Goddess Shakti. Unlike other temples where deities are depicted in upright forms, Maa Guhyekali’s representation here is flat-headed and parallel to the ground, symbolising humility and hidden power.

Special Tantric rituals are conducted during auspicious nights like Amavasya to invoke Maa Guhyekali’s blessings for spiritual growth or supernatural powers. These rites involve offerings such as red cloth, vermilion, liquor, and meat—symbolic elements in Tantric worship. Navratri is celebrated with great fervour at Guhyeshwari Temple. Devotees observe fasting and participate in special prayers to honor Maa Guhyekali’s nurturing aspect. The temple becomes crowded during these nine days as pilgrims seek blessings for prosperity and protection. An annual fair, the Guhyeshwari Jatra held in November attracts thousands of devotees who gather for rituals, cultural performances, and community feasts. It is believed that couples who marry at Guhyeshwari Temple will remain soulmates for seven lifetimes. Special marriage ceremonies are conducted here upon request.

According to legend, Maa Guhyekali chose to manifest herself in a hidden form beneath the ground at this site to protect her devotees from negative forces. This explains why her representation here is flat-headed rather than upright. Ancient texts describe how sages like Narasingha Thakur attained mastery over Tantra by meditating at Guhyeshwari Temple. It is said that even today, practitioners experience heightened spiritual energy while performing rituals here. Devotees believe that praying at Guhyeshwari Temple cures ailments and grants peace of mind.

The Guhyeshwari Temple with its sacred kalash, tantric rituals and legends in the serene Kathmandu valley is a must-visit place for those who seek spiritual solace.

Shri Mahalakshmi Griva Peeth, Dakshin Surma Upazila, Sylhet, Bangladesh
Also known as the Chandreshwar Bhairavi Griva Shakti Peetha, the Shri Mahalakshmi Griva Peeth is located in Gotatikar village, near Kalagul Tea Estate in Dakshin Surma Upazila, Sylhet. It is said that this is where the neck or griva of Goddess Sati is believed to have fallen. The temple is dedicated to Mahalakshmi, a form of Goddess Durga, and Lord Shiva, worshipped here as Sambaranand Bhairava. Nestled amidst lush tea gardens and serene landscapes, the Shri Mahalakshmi Griva Peeth is a sacred destination for devotees seeking divine blessings and spiritual solace.

The origins of the Shri Mahalakshmi Griva Peeth are deeply rooted in Hindu mythology. The temple has been a centre of devotion for centuries. According to local legends, the sacred neck of Goddess Sati fell on a black rock in this region, which remained hidden for many years. During the 12th or 13th century, while constructing a road in the area, labourers unearthed this rock but were unable to move it despite repeated attempts. It was then that a divine vision instructed the local zamindar, Deviprasad Das Munshi, to establish a shrine at this location. The temple was built without a roof as per Maa Mahalakshmi’s wish conveyed through dreams to Deviprasad. Even today, the temple remains open to the sky, symbolising the goddess’s desire to be worshipped under natural light.

The temple does not have a roof over its sanctum sanctorum. This unique feature reflects Maa Mahalakshmi’s wish to remain open to natural light and air. Devotees believe that this open-air design enhances their connection with the goddess and nature. The sanctum houses a large black rock believed to be imbued with divine energy from Sati’s neck. This rock is adorned with vermilion or sindoor, flowers, and other offerings made by devotees. The rock emits an aura of sanctity that draws pilgrims from far and wide. A separate shrine dedicated to Sambaranand Bhairava or Lord Shiva is located within the temple complex. His idol is depicted in meditative form, symbolising his role as protector of this sacred site.

The temple’s location amidst sprawling tea gardens adds to its tranquil ambiance. Pilgrims often describe their journey through these lush landscapes as spiritually uplifting. The temple was established by Deviprasad Das Munshi during British rule and has been maintained by his descendants over generations. Despite challenges like land encroachments and invasions, it remains a vital center for Shaktism.

Daily pujas are performed with the morning Aarti at sunrise which begins with the chanting of hymns like Lakshmi Ashtottara Shatanamavali, while evening Aarti concludes with lighting oil lamps around the temple premises. Navratri is celebrated twice a year when devotees observe fasting during these nine days to seek blessings for prosperity and protection. Lakshmi Puja is celebrated during Diwali. Special offerings like gold ornaments and silk sarees are presented to Maa Mahalakshmi during this festival. An annual fair is held within the temple grounds during Navratri or Lakshmi Puja celebrations. This event includes cultural performances, stalls selling religious items, and community feasts.

According to legend, Deviprasad Das Munshi had recurring dreams in which Maa Mahalakshmi appeared and instructed him to build an open-air shrine at Gotatikar where her neck had fallen. Despite initial resistance from locals who feared divine wrath if disturbed, Deviprasad followed her instructions and established the temple as it stands today. During road construction in the area centuries ago, labourers discovered a massive black rock but were unable to move it despite their best efforts. It was only after divine intervention through dreams that they realized its sacred significance as part of Sati’s body. Devotees believe that praying at Shri Mahalakshmi Griva Peeth cures ailments and grants peace of mind. Many pilgrims visit specifically seeking Maa Mahalakshmi’s intervention in resolving personal or familial issues.

The Shri Mahalakshmi Griva Peeth with its open-air sanctum and legends amidst the tea gardens provides an ideal setting for meditation and introspection.

Bhabanipur, Sherpur Upazila, Bogra, Bangladesh
The Bhabanipur Shaktipeeth, located in Sherpur Upazila, Bogra District is an ancient temple complex dedicated to Maa Aparna, a form of Goddess Sati. Lord Shiva is worshipped here as Baba Vaman Bhairava. According to legend, it is the site where the left anklet, an ornament of Goddess Sati fell.

The temple complex has existed for centuries, though its exact date of establishment remains unknown. Historical evidence suggests that it was an important centre of worship during the rule of local kings and zamindars who contributed to its development. The temple gained prominence under the patronage of Rani Bhabani, a devout queen from Natore who played a significant role in restoring and maintaining the temple. The name Bhabanipur derives from Bhabani, another name for Goddess Durga or Sati. The temple is located near the now-defunct Kartoa River, which was once considered a holy river by devotees.

The sanctum sanctorum houses an idol of Maa Aparna adorned with vermilion or sindoor, gold ornaments, and garlands. The idol exudes an aura of serenity and divine power. A symbolic stone representing Sati’s anklet is also worshipped within the temple premises. A sacred pond called Shakha Pukur lies within the temple complex. According to legend, Maa Aparna revealed herself here wearing conch bangles or shakha, making this pond highly revered by devotees. Pilgrims take ritual baths in this pond before entering the temple to purify themselves.

The sprawling complex covers an area of approximately four acres and includes several temples. The main shrine is dedicated to Maa Aparna. There are four Shiva temples with the Patal Bhairava Temple dedicated to Baba Vaman Bhairava. There are temples dedicated to Lord Gopal, another name for Lord Krishna and Vasudev. There is also a Nat Mandir for devotional performances. A rare Panchamunda Asana or an altar made from five skulls is located within the complex. It is used for Tantric rituals performed by priests on auspicious occasions. A sacred tree known as Belbaran Tala stands near the temple. Devotees tie red or yellow threads around its branches while making wishes.

The rituals at Bhabanipur Shaktipeeth reflect ancient traditions combined with local customs. Daily pujas are performed by priests who offer flowers , fruits, coconuts, rice, incense sticks, and sweets to the goddess. Morning Aarti begins at sunrise with chanting of hymns like Durga Saptashati, while evening Aarti concludes with lighting oil lamps around the temple premises. Maghi Purnima on the full moon in February, is one of the most important festivals celebrated at Bhabanipur Shaktipeeth. Thousands of devotees gather for special prayers and rituals during this time.

Ram Navami is another major festival celebrated here with devotees participating in processions, kirtans or devotional songs, and community feasts. Pilgrims take holy baths in Shakha Pukur before offering prayers at the temple. This ritual is believed to cleanse sins and bring prosperity. On new moon nights, special Tantric rituals are conducted by priests at the Panchamunda Asana to invoke Maa Aparna’s blessings for protection and spiritual growth.

According to legend, a conch-bangle dealer passing by Shakha Pukur encountered a little girl wearing vermilion on her forehead who claimed to be the daughter of Natore Palace. She purchased bangles from him and instructed him to collect payment from Rani Bhabani’s palace. When he relayed this story to Rani Bhabani, she rushed to Shakha Pukur, where Maa Aparna emerged from the water wearing bangles on her wrists. This miraculous event spread her divinity throughout the region.

Another legend tells of a black stone discovered during excavation near Shakha Pukur. Despite multiple attempts, workers were unable to move it until they realised it was imbued with divine energy from Maa Aparna’s anklet. Devotees believe that praying at Bhabanipur Shaktipeeth cures ailments and grants peace of mind. Many pilgrims visit specifically seeking Maa Aparna’s intervention in resolving personal or familial issues.

The Bhabanipur Shaktipeeth offers visitors a unique spiritual experience rooted in mythology and devotion. Whether one seeks spiritual solace or wishes to explore India’s rich cultural heritage, visiting this ancient shrine will leave one feeling connected to the divine feminine energy.

Manas Shakt Peetha, Lake Manasarovar, Mount Kailash, Tibet, China
Located near Lake Manasarovar, the Mansarovar Shakti Peeth at the base of Mount Kailash in Tibet is revered as one of the 51 Shakti Peethas. It is believed to be where the right hand of Goddess Sati fell. The temple is dedicated to Maa Dakshayani, a form of Goddess Sati, and Lord Shiva is worshipped here as Amar Bhairava. Nestled amidst the breathtaking landscapes of the Himalayas, this Shakti Peetha is not only a spiritual destination but also a symbol of divine connection and cosmic balance.

Lake Manasarovar itself holds immense spiritual significance and is often referred to as the Lake of Consciousness. According to Hindu belief, it was first formed in the mind of Lord Brahma before manifesting on Earth. The lake’s proximity to Mount Kailash—the celestial abode of Lord Shiva—further enhances its sanctity. The Mansarovar region has been a centre for pilgrimage for thousands of years. The temple dedicated to Maa Dakshayani is believed to have been established by sages who meditated in the region to seek divine blessings. Over time, it became an important destination for devotees undertaking the arduous Kailash Mansarovar Yatra.

The temple is located near Mount Kailash, which is considered the cosmic axis connecting heaven and Earth. This proximity enhances its spiritual importance as pilgrims believe that visiting both Mount Kailash and Lake Manasarovar completes their journey toward liberation or moksha. Known as one of the highest freshwater lakes in the world, Lake Manasarovar symbolises purity and enlightenment. Its emerald-blue waters are believed to cleanse sins and grant spiritual renewal. Pilgrims often perform circumambulation or a parikrama around the lake as part of their rituals.

Unlike traditional temples with elaborate structures, the Mansarovar Shakti Peeth features an open-air shrine where devotees worship a sacred stone believed to embody Maa Dakshayani’s energy. A small shrine dedicated to Amar Bhairava or Lord Shiva stands near the main temple. His idol depicts him in a meditative posture symbolising eternal peace and protection. Surrounded by snow-capped peaks, pristine waters, and serene landscapes, the temple offers a tranquil environment ideal for meditation and introspection.

Taking a dip in Lake Manasarovar is considered one of the most sacred acts for pilgrims. It symbolises washing away past sins and attaining spiritual purity. Although direct bathing in the lake is now restricted due to environmental concerns, pilgrims collect water in containers for rituals. Pilgrims perform circumambulation or parikramas around both Lake Manasarovar and Mount Kailash as an act of devotion. The lake’s parikrama spans approximately 105 kilometers and is often completed by bus or on foot. Special fire rituals or hawans are conducted on the banks of Lake Manasarovar during auspicious occasions. Devotees offer ghee, rice, and herbs into the sacred fire while chanting Vedic mantras. Maha Shivratri is celebrated with great fervour at Mansarovar Shakti Peeth. Devotees observe fasting and perform night-long prayers dedicated to Amar Bhairava or Lord Shiva.

According to legend, Lake Manasarovar was first formed in the mind or manas of Lord Brahma before manifesting on Earth. It was created as a celestial bathing place for his sons after their journey through creation. Another legend states that celestial swans or hamsas reside on Lake Manasarovar during summer months. These swans symbolise wisdom and enlightenment in Hinduism and are believed to be manifestations of divine energy. Local lore suggests that Amar Bhairava grants immortality or amaratva to those who pray earnestly at his shrine near Mansarovar Shakti Peeth. Many pilgrims visit specifically seeking his blessings for protection and longevity.

The Mansarovar Shakti Peeth, with its open-air shrine and rituals like the parikrama around Lake Manasarovar provide opportunities for deep introspection and renewal.

Last week, we completed all the Shakti Peethas located within India’s borders. From this part, let’s look at Shakti Peethas that are in what used to be part of India, pre-independence as well as one which though was probably never a part of India, but is in an area that is revered in Hinduism and symbolism.

Jeshoreshwari Kali Temple, Shyamnagar Upazila, Bangladesh

The Jeshoreshwari Kali Temple, located in Ishwaripur village, Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira district in Bangladesh is dedicated to Goddess Kali. Known as the Goddess of Jessore, the Jeshoreshwari Kali Temple blends mythology, devotion, and architectural heritage.

The Jeshoreshwari Kali Temple has a rich history that dates back centuries. It is believed that the temple was originally established by a Brahmin named Anari, who constructed a grand structure with 100 doors to honor Maa Jeshoreshwari. The exact timeline of its construction remains uncertain, but it is widely regarded as one of the oldest temples in Bangladesh. The temple gained prominence during the reign of Maharaja Pratapaditya, a 16th-century ruler of Jessore. According to legend, one of his generals discovered a luminant ray of light emanating from the bushes in Ishwaripur. Upon investigation, they found a stone carved in the shape of a human palm. Recognizing its divine significance, Maharaja Pratapaditya built the Jeshoreshwari Kali Temple at this site and began worshipping Goddess Kali. Later renovations were carried out by rulers such as Lakshman Sen and other local patrons. However, much of the original structure was damaged over time due to invasions and natural decay. Despite this, the temple continues to attract devotees who revere it as a sacred Shakti Peetha.

According to legend, the palm of Sati’s hand fell at this site, sanctifying it as a centre of divine feminine energy. Goddess Sati is worshipped here as Jeshoreshwari, symbolising divine protection and strength. Lord Shiva is revered as Chanda Bhairava, representing his role as a guardian and protector. 

The sanctum sanctorum houses a black stone idol of Maa Jeshoreshwari adorned with vermilion, gold ornaments, and garlands. The idol exudes an aura of power and compassion. The palm-shaped stone discovered by Maharaja Pratapaditya is preserved within the temple premises and is considered highly sacred by devotees. A large rectangular platform known as Natmandir was built adjacent to the main temple. This structure allowed devotees to view Maa Jeshoreshwari’s face during rituals. Although much of it crumbled after 1971, remnants such as pillars remain visible today. The temple showcases traditional Bengali architecture with intricate carvings on its walls and domed roofs. Despite its simplicity, the temple’s design emphasises spiritual connection over material grandeur. The name Jeshoreshwari translates to Goddess of Jessore. Historically, Ishwaripur was part of Jessore before administrative boundaries changed. 

Daily pujas are performed by priests who offer flowers, fruits, coconuts, sweets, incense sticks, and rice to Maa Jeshoreshwari. Morning Aarti begins at sunrise with chanting of hymns like Durga Saptashati, while evening Aarti concludes with lighting oil lamps around the temple premises. Kali Puja is celebrated with great fervor at Jeshoreshwari Temple. Elaborate rituals are conducted overnight to honor Maa Kali’s fierce aspect. Devotees offer red sarees and garlands made from hibiscus flowers during this festival. An annual fair, a mela is held in the temple compound during Kali Puja or Navratri celebrations. This event includes cultural performances, stalls selling religious items, and community feasts. Navratri is celebrated twice a year and devotees observe fasts during these nine days to seek blessings for prosperity and protection. On new moon nights, special Tantric rituals are conducted by priests to invoke Maa Jeshoreshwari’s protective energy.

One of the most popular legends associated with Jeshoreshwari Temple involves Maharaja Pratapaditya’s general discovering a luminant ray of light emanating from bushes in Ishwaripur village. Upon investigating further, they found a stone carved in the shape of a human palm. Recognizing its divine significance, Maharaja Pratapaditya built the temple at this site and began worshipping Goddess Kali. Devotees believe that touching or praying before the palm-shaped stone brings blessings and fulfills wishes. Many pilgrims visit specifically to seek Maa Jeshoreshwari’s intervention in resolving personal or familial issues. It is said that Maa Jeshoreshwari possesses miraculous healing powers. Many devotees claim to have been cured of ailments after offering prayers or participating in rituals at this sacred shrine.

The Jeshoreshwari Kali Temple offers visitors a unique spiritual experience rooted in mythology and devotion. 

Chattal Bhawani Shaktipeeth/Chandranath Temple, Chittagong, Bangladesh

The Chattal Bhawani Shaktipeeth, also known as the Chandranath Temple, is a revered Hindu shrine located atop Chandranath Hill in Sitakunda, Chittagong. According to legend, the right arm of Goddess Sati fell at this sacred site. The temple is dedicated to Maa Bhawani, a form of Goddess Sati, and Lord Shiva, is worshipped here as Chandrasekhar Bhairava. 

The exact date of the temple’s construction remains uncertain, but historical records suggest that it has existed for several centuries. According to local legends, the temple was originally established by a king who received divine instructions in a dream to build a shrine atop Chandranath Hill. Over time, the temple gained prominence as a centre for Shaktism and received patronage from various rulers and devotees. The name Chattal Bhawani derives from Chattal, an ancient name for Chittagong, and Bhawani, a form of Goddess Sati symbolising protection and strength. 

The sanctum sanctorum houses two main idols: one of Maa Bhawani and another of Lord Shiva as Chandrasekhar. Maa Bhawani’s idol exudes an aura of power and compassion, while Lord Shiva’s idol depicts him with a crescent moon on his head. Devotees believe that these idols radiate divine energy that fulfils wishes and grants blessings. The temple is situated at an altitude of approximately 1,020 feet above sea level on Chandranath Hill. Pilgrims must climb around 3,500 steps to reach the summit, making their journey both physically challenging and spiritually rewarding. The hill offers panoramic views of the surrounding landscape, including lush greenery and distant rivers.

The temple complex features a medieval chariot known for its intricate wood carvings. This chariot is used during special festivals and processions. The area around Chandranath Hill is rich in natural beauty, with attractions such as waterfalls, the Sohosrodhara Jorna and scenic trails that enhance the spiritual ambience. The temple has received patronage from various rulers over centuries. Notably, King Dhanya Manikya of Tripura attempted to relocate the Shiva idol to his kingdom but failed due to divine intervention.

Daily pujas are performed by priests. Morning Aarti begins at sunrise with chanting of hymns while the evening Aarti concludes with lighting oil lamps around the temple premises. Shivratri is celebrated with great fervour at Chandranath Temple. Devotees observe fasting and perform night-long prayers dedicated to Lord Shiva. Special yagnas are conducted during this festival to invoke divine blessings. An annual fair known as the Sitakund Mela is held during Shivratri celebrations in February-March. This event attracts thousands of pilgrims who gather for rituals, cultural performances, and community feasts. On new moon nights, special Tantric rituals are conducted by priests to invoke Maa Bhawani’s protective energy. The trek up Chandranath Hill is considered an act of devotion. Pilgrims often chant mantras or sing devotional songs during their ascent.

According to legend, King Dhanya Manikya of Tripura attempted to relocate the Shiva idol from Chandranath Temple to his kingdom but failed despite multiple efforts. It is believed that divine forces intervened to protect the sanctity of the temple. In the late medieval period, Gangaram Biswas from West Bengal built the first set of stairs leading up to Chandranath Hill after his elderly mother expressed her desire to visit the temple but was unable to climb due to her age. These steps were later renovated by zamindars from Bengal. Devotees believe that praying at Chandranath Temple cures ailments and grants peace of mind. Many pilgrims visit specifically seeking Maa Bhawani’s intervention in resolving personal or familial issues.

The Chattal Bhawani Shaktipeeth with its hilltop location emphasises ancient traditions while preserving spiritual heritage. Whether you seek spiritual solace or wish to explore India’s rich cultural heritage, visiting this ancient shrine will leave you feeling connected to divine feminine energy. 

Dhakeshwari Temple, Dhaka, Bangladesh

The Dhakeshwari Temple, located in Dhaka is one of the most revered Hindu shrines in the Indian subcontinent. Known as the Dhakeshwari Jatiya Mandir or National Temple, it is not only the largest Hindu temple in Bangladesh but also one of the 51 Shakti Peethas, where parts of Goddess Sati’s body are believed to have fallen. 

It is said that a gem from Sati’s crown fell here. The temple is dedicated to Maa Dhakeshwari, a form of Goddess Durga or Adi Shakti, and Lord Shiva is worshipped here as Vishwesh Bhairava. According to legend, King Ballal Sen of the Sena dynasty who ruled in the 12th century discovered a hidden idol of Goddess Durga under a tree in Dhaka after being guided by a divine dream. The goddess revealed herself as Dhakeshwari, meaning Goddess of Dhaka, and instructed the king to establish her temple at this site. Ballal Sen built the temple to honour her and named it after her divine form. The temple is believed to have given Dhaka its name.

Another legend ties the temple’s origin to King Bijoy Sen’s wife, who prayed for a safe childbirth at Langolbond while on a pilgrimage. Her son Ballal Sen later fulfilled her vow by constructing this temple as an offering to Maa Dhakeshwari. Over centuries, the temple underwent several renovations and reconstructions due to natural decay and destruction during invasions. During the 17th century, Raja Man Singh is said to have rebuilt parts of the temple. However, much of its original structure was lost during political upheavals in modern history. 

The original idol of Maa Dhakeshwari was relocated during Partition in 1947 to Kumortuli in Kolkata due to safety concerns. Today, two temples—one in Kolkata known as the Dhakeswari Mata Temple housing the original idol and one in Dhaka with a replica—serve as spiritual centres for devotees. The main temple follows the traditional Pancharatna or five-spired architecture with intricate carvings depicting scenes from Hindu mythology. Within the complex are four smaller Shiva temples arranged in a row, each housing a Shiva Lingam. 

A large pond within the temple premises adds serenity to the environment and is used for ritualistic purification by devotees before entering the sanctum. A spacious Natya Mandir or prayer hall stands adjacent to the main shrine for devotional performances during festivals. One popular belief suggests that drums or dhaks were played from an elevated stage at this temple to demarcate the city’s boundaries during its early settlement period. The sound of these drums gave rise to the name Dhaka.

Daily pujas are performed by priests. Morning Aarti begins at sunrise with chanting of hymns like Durga Saptashati, while evening Aarti concludes with lighting oil lamps around the sanctum. Like all Shakti Peethas, Durga Puja is celebrated with great fervour with elaborate rituals conducted over nine days. The deity is adorned with new clothes and jewelry donated by devotees during this festival. Navratri is celebrated twice a year with devotees observing fasts during these nine days as an act of devotion. Devotees participate in mass bathing rituals at Langolbond on Sukla Ashtami, the eighth day of the Chaitra month before visiting Dhakeshwari Temple for blessings. On new moon nights, special Tantric rituals are conducted by priests. 

According to legend, King Ballal Sen dreamt of Maa Durga instructing him to find her idol buried beneath a tree near present-day Old Dhaka. Upon excavation, he discovered her statue under what became known as the Dhakka tree and established her shrine there. It is believed that pilgrims who meditate at this Shakti Peetha receive blessings equivalent to wearing divine gemstones that protect them from misfortune. 

During Partition in 1947, priests relocated Maa Dhakeshwari’s original idol to Kumortuli in Kolkata due to concerns over communal violence targeting Hindu temples in East Pakistan, now Bangladesh. 

The Dhakeshwari Temple offers visitors a unique spiritual experience. The Pancharatna architecture which emphasises ancient traditions amid bustling Old Dhaka provides a unique experience.